...Diseases and Disorders Leukemia The cause of most human leukemia is unknown. It is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner. they interfere with the production of normal white blood cells. Leukemia affects the production of red blood cells. Bursitis Bursitis is a disorder that causes pain in the body's joints. It most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints. It is caused by an inflammation of the bursa, small fluid-filled bags that act as lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over bones. This inflammation usually results from overactivity of an arm or leg. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease resulting in the loss of bone tissue. In osteoporosis, the cancellous bone loses calcium, becomes thinner, and may disappear altogether. Sprains A sprain is an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint. Most sprains result from a sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissues of the ligaments. A sprain is usually extremely painful. The injured part often swells and turns black and blue. Fractures A fracture is a broken bone. These are some common kinds of fractures: - closed, open, multiple, comminuted, greenstick and spiral Spina bifida Spina bifida is a spinal defect that is present at birth. In spina bifida, the spinal cord does not form properly and the vertebrae and skin cannot form around it. Spina bifida...
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...Professor: Catherine Rice SC121: Human Anatomy and Physiology I Shemika Spraggins Kaplan University Introduction: Skeletal System and Digestive System The Human body is one the most complex organism that is made up of several systems that all work together to keep all of us alive. Amount these systems are: The skeletal System and Digestive System. The Skeletal System has two hundred and six bones that protect the body’s organs, provide central support and attachment for muscles movement throughout the body. This system plays an important function in the...
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...Malignant Hyperthermia Malignant Hyperthermia is primarily thought to be an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes a hypermetabolic state after administration of volatile anesthetics. When a patient is under anesthesia, the muscles are usually relaxed, but when a patient is experiencing Malignant Hyperthermia crisis, certain IV anesthesia causes the opposite effect. Most inhaled anesthetics other than nitrous oxide, cause or trigger Malignant Hyperthermia. More specifically, the anesthetic agents: Halothane, Chloroform, and Succinylcholine. The genic condition of Malignant Hyperthermia only becomes apparent when a patient is exposed to certain anesthetics such as halothane, which causes muscle rigidity. During the relaxed phase of muscle contraction, adenosine triphosphate and phosphate (ADP and Pi) are bound to the myosin S1 fragment, which is in a strained vertical position. Depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs followed by the depolarization of the triad region which initiates the release of calcium into the cytosol. This calcium then binds to troponin. A conformational change in the actin-tropomyosin interaction is induced by the troponin-calcium complex, which allows myosin to bind to actin. The binding allows the S1 to move to the unstrained position, causing muscle contraction. During this process, ADP and Pi are released. The muscle contraction results from the shortening of every sarcomere in every muscle fiber of the...
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... Q1. Describe normal anatomy/physiology of muscle contraction. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle: A single skeletal muscle, such as the triceps muscle, is attached at its • Origin to a large area of bone; in this case, the humerus. • At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a glistening white tendon which, in this case, it’s attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the lower arm. As the triceps contracts, the insertion are pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle a flexor is needed to flex or bend the joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair of muscles. Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton. The Muscle Fiber Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. Each muscle fibers contains: • An array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber; • Mitochondria; • An extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) • Many nuclei (thus each skeletal muscle fiber is a syncytium). The multiple nuclei arise from the fact that each...
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...disease that can be life threatening. Pathophysiology According to the Genetics Home Reference, Pompe Disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type 2 is an autosomal recessive disease. Autosomal recessive means that each parent carries one copy of the mutated gene but they do not show any signs or symptoms of the disease (GHR, 2014, May, 26). According to the Pompe Community: Pompe Disease is a rare, multisystemic progressive, debilitating, and often fatal neuromuscular disorder. Pompe Disease is linked to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (a stored form of sugar that the body uses for energy) inside of the cells. Without GAA present there is an intralysomal accumulation of glycogen in the muscle cells which leads to a loss of muscle function (Pompe Community, 2014). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Pompe Disease affects all muscle cells in the body but skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are most seriously affected (NINDS, 2013, February 20). According to the Pompe Community, when there is a continuous accumulation of glycogen it causes lysosomes to swell and eventually rupture, which causes the tissue damage (Pompe Community, 2014). Signs and Symptoms According to the Pompe Community, Pompe Disease can set in at any age and progresses differently in every case. Infants who are affected by Pompe Disease often appear “floppy” and have extreme...
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...Lyndsey Kessler English 4A 24th Nov. 2014 Mrs. Nills Biomedical Technology: Today’s Experiments Tomorrow’s Medicine I am sure you have heard of mammograms and MRIs, but did you know that they are a part of biomedical technology? Biomedical technology is any medical imaging device or a medical practice that involves biology or technology. Some people do not believe in biomedical technology because they say it had not been proven safe or effective, but it has already saved lives. This is why biomedical technology should be used in medical practices My first reason is that biomedical technology could help save many lives. This technology has the potential to cure many diseases, one example is that scientists have found that stem cells can become a wide variety of specialized cells, this could help cure Alzheimer’s. They also have the potential to help people that are paralyzed. Biomedical technology has already found ways to detect and cure many life threatening diseases. With mammograms and MRIs doctors can detect breast cancer along with other diseases much faster than they have been able to in the past. This could potentially help cure those who are diagnosed. My second reason is that biomedical technology can increase treatment options. Since mammograms and MRIs help detect diseases sooner there are many different ways to treat these diseases some of which may not be as severe. For example instead of doing radiation for cancer right away you could undergo surgery to...
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...autosomal dominant pattern. This means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Mutations in the FGFR3 gene cause achondroplasia. The FGFR3 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue. There are two specific mutations in the FGFR3 gene that are responsible for almost every case of achondroplasia. These mutations cause protein to be overly active, which interferes with skeletal development and leads to disturbances in bone growth for people with this disorder. The word achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation.” Cartilage makes up most of the skeleton during early development, and for people with achondroplasia, the problem is converting the cartilage to bone especially the longer bones of the arms and legs. All people with achondroplasia have short stature. The average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 4 feet, 4 inches. And the average height for adult females is 4 feet, 1 inch. The characteristic features of people with achondroplasia include an average sized mid section, short arms and legs, limited range of motion at the elbows, and an enlarged head. Their fingers are usually short as well. They usually have a normal intelligence level, however there are common health problems associated with the disorder such as episodes where breathing slows or stops for short periods, obesity, and recurrent ear infections. Unfortunately...
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...1:20 PM Page 50 50 The Body Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3. Circulating hormone levels:...
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...Scoliosis is just one of many problems in the human body that does not discriminate against anyone. This common disorder can develop at the beginning of puberty during childhood stages and can progress to more serious problem as the child grows. According to Medline Plus, scoliosis can be legally defined as being a sideways or lateral or “S” shaped curve of the spine also known as your backbone that is part of the skeletal system whose cause is unknown (Mayo Clinic). It is a spinal disorder that can be affected by any individual’s growth process at any given point during the first twenty years of life. The spine can be developed and identified between two different structures. Structural means it is associated with neuromuscular disorder, congenital, or idiopathic or nonstructural as in a spine that is structured normally but with a lateral curvature. Both structures can only be determined by the seriousness of the deformity of the spine, location, direction, and even the cause as to what provoked the spine from becoming more abnormal than it should be (Larson 392). The spine can be characterized by twenty-six bones that associated with ligaments, tendons, and muscles that emerge from the skull and extend down to the lower back. A spine is developed to be able to help support the back of the body which supports movement. Ultimately, scoliosis can affect the skeletal, nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems (Mayo Clinic). The human body is an incredible and complex structure...
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...BBE 517 - ERGONOMICS FOR CONSTRUCTION MAMAGEMENT CLASS ASSIGNMENT THE HUMANCAPABILITY AND LIMITATIONS IN LIFTING MATERIALS AT ACONSTRUCTION SITE 17TH NOVEMBER 2014 HUMAN LIFTING CAPABILITY AND LIMITATION ON CONSTRUCTION SITES 1.0 Introduction Ergonomics is the science and art of fitting the job to the workers. There are numerous activities that take place on site that enable realization of the structure being constructed. Generally construction involves the utilization of materials in undertaking the works. This will involve labour of the workers to put in place the materials as per the design are it mixing, lifting and placing them in place, installation, delivery and storage of the materials. Material handling can be by machines/equipment or directly by the workers themselves. Handling and storing materials involves many different activities such as hoisting, manually carrying bags or material and stacking supplies. Employees can be injured by improperly lifting materials (manually and by machine), falling objects and improperly stacked supplies. This paper concentrates on the human ability in the movement and placement of materials and other facilities as work progresses on site. An examination of activities on an active site have been undertaken to inform this paper on the practicability and applicability of researched theories relating to human lifting capability on site. The following sites have been examined and findings discussed later in this...
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...Instructions: 1. Download and Save this file with your name in the file name. (ex: Skeletal System Case Study-CharlieBrown) 2. Type your name in the header of this document. 3. Read the following case study. 4. Answer all the questions that follow by typing in your answer directly underneath each question. Be sure to answer each question completely. 5. When you finish, be sure to save the entire document for submission to your instructor. 6. Submit your document by the due date listed in your syllabus. Submission should be through the ASUN Portal. Upload your completed document—make sure the file you upload and mark as final has your answers typed in it! Note: You must UPLOAD the document and MARK AS FINAL for it to be properly “turned in” through the Portal. 7. Participate in the Class Discussions of this Case Study—this will be completed on the Discussion Forums page within the ASUN Portal. 8. Email me if you have any questions. The Skeletal System - Aging and Disease The skeletal system is required for nearly every body movement. It also supports the body at rest, protects vital organs, and produces blood cells. However, like any other system, it is susceptible to disease. Different diseases become more (or less) likely as the body ages. A few common diseases include scoliosis, arthritis, and osteoporosis Scoliosis Scoliosis is defined as an “s” or “c” shaped spinal curvature. It is most often diagnosed during adolescence...
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... Sections: E1 Course number: SCI- 201 Credit Hours: 4 Semester: Spring 2011 Office: Instructor: DR. Alfred Gaskin Phone: 617-427- 0060 Class Time and Location: Lecture: Wed. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-426 Lab: Mon .. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-403 Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function and disorders of the human body. Topics include an overview of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, as well as a discussion of tissues and special senses. A three- hour lab session is required each week. Prerequisites: SCI-103; SCI-104 Objectives: 1. To provide basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To develop writing and critical thinking. 3. To become familiar with essential concepts including structure and functional level of organization and homeostasis. 4. To recognize the gross and microscopic anatomy of the tissues and organs and also demonstrate how different tissue types interact to create organs. 5. To develop observational skills and logical thought patterns...
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...ANATOMY: Skeletal System is comprised of 206 individual bones in an adult human. The bones of Skeletal System are divided into two type i.e. * Axial Skeleton * Appendicular Skeleton Axial skeleton of the body contains 80 bones in the following regions. * Skull: Except for Mandible (lower jaw) it has 22 bones fused together. * Hyoid: It is the only bone not forming a joint with any other bone. It lies inferior to the Mandible. * Auditory Ossicles: Malleus, Incus and Stapes (bones of middle ear) are altogether known as Auditory Ossicles. These are smallest bones found inside the cavity of Temporal Bone * Ribs: There 12 pair of ribs together with sternum forming Ribcage. * Sternum: It is a thin knife shape bone situated along anterior side of Thoracic Region. * Vertebral Column: It is comprised of 26 vertebrae and are named by regions Cervical (7 bones), Thoracic (12 bones), Lumbar (5 bones), Sacrum (5 bones) and Coccyx (4 bones). Appendicular skeleton is comprised of 126 bones in the following regions. * Upper limbs contains bones of the upper arm. * Lower Limbs contains bones like Tibia and Fibula of Lower Leg and bones of feet. * Pelvic Girdle is formed of right and left Hip Bones * Pectoral Girdle consists of Left and Right Clavicles and Left and Right Scapulae. Occupying the 30% to 40% of body mass is comprised of non-living bone matrix and small bone cells. These bones cells allow following functions. * Growth...
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...The Skeletal System The Skeletal System is a very important part of your body and without it you would be a huge blob of skin and organs and tissues. It would actually be pretty gross. Without your bones you wouldn’t be able to walk, or write, or talk, or anything else. When you are born, you have about 300 bones made of mostly cartilage. Cartilage is a soft "mushy" substance that acts as a pad. As you reach adulthood the cartilage turns to bone, and some of your baby bones join together to form larger bones. By adulthood the average human being will have 206 bones in their body. The bones in your body do more than just stand you up and keep you looking good. God made the skeletal system, the network of bones inside of you, to do lots of other important things. Besides keeping you from flopping around like an octopus on the ground, let’s see what else your bones can do. The skeletal system has a few functions. One of the functions, and probably the most obvious is support. Your bones are well designed for bearing the weight of the body, cartilage provides firm but flexible support for structures such as the ears and nose, and ligaments hold the bones together. The second function is protection. Bone, as we all know, is hard, so it protects the organs it surrounds. The skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects several organs such as the heart and lungs. Our vertebral column protects our spinal cord. Our spinal cord is actually just as delicate as our brain, but in order...
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...Skeletal system: made of connective tissue: * Bone: hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts * Compact: forms shaft and ends contain marrow space * Spongy: trabeculae * Cells: osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts * Types: long, flat, irregular * Osteons/haversian system: cellular arrangement * Periosteum: CT covering (periosteum means around the bone itself) Structure of bone: *Ends of bone epiphysis inter bone is diaphysis Cartilage and ligaments: * Cartilage * Function: support * Types: fibrocartilage, hyaline, and elastic cartilage (find examples) * Ligaments: attach bone to bone Bone Development: * Prenatal: cartilage model * Fetus: some conversion to bone * Childhood: primary and secondary ossification sites formed * Adolescence: cartilage growth plate elongates Mature bone remodeling and repair: * Changes in shape, size strength * Dependent on diet, exercise, age * Bones cells regulated by hormones * Parathyroid hormone (PTH): removes calcium from bone * Calcitonin: adds calcium to bone * Repair: hematoma and callus formation If you break a bone hematoma forms then a callus forms around it Functions of the skeletal system: * Protection: encases most internal organs * Support: allows body positions * Permit movement: muscle attachments for movement * Mineral reservoir: calcium, phosphorus 206 bones skeletal divided into...
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