...little pigment, appears very light, as does the hair. Although people with albinism may experience a variety of eye problems, one of the myths about albinism is that it causes people to have pink or red eyes. In fact, people with albinism can have irises varying from light gray or blue to brown. People with albinism may have one or more of the following eye problems: -They may be very far-sighted or near-sighted, and may have other defects in the curvature of the lens of the eye (astigmatism) that cause images to appear unfocused. They may have a constant, involuntary movement of the eyeball called nystagmus. -They may have problems in coordinating the eyes in fixing and tracking objects (strabismus), which may lead to an appearance of having "crossed eyes" at times. Strabismus may cause some problems with depth perception, especially at close distances. -They may be very sensitive to light (photophobia) because their irises allow "stray" light to enter their eyes. It's a common misconception that people with albinism shouldn't go out on sunny days, but wearing sunglasses can make it possible to go outside quite comfortably. Age/Gender/Race Pre-dispositions Race All races appear to be equally affected by the associated mutations. However, oculocutaneous (albinism type 2) is reportedly more common among Africans and African Americans (1 case per 10,000 population) than in Caucasians (1 case per 36,000 population). Sex The incidence of these albino diseases...
Words: 327 - Pages: 2
...Family Health Assessment Michelle Lowery Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion May 24, 2015 Family Health Assessment Functional health patterns help organize basic family assessment information (Edelman, Kudzma & Mandel, 2014). In this assessment there are eleven categories that allows the medical professional ability to provide a uniform and organized approach to review the health and human functions of individual patients and families. When a medical provider can interview the family as a whole it is easier to determine functional and dysfunctional patterns of each family member and the family. I began my interview by asking several open ended questions from the eleven functional patterns. This essay will describe the health patterns of the Smith family. In this paper I will discuss the health patterns of this family and my nursing diagnoses that are related to this family. The Smith family consists of Mr. Smith age 33, Mrs. Smith age 32, Mrs. Smith son Andrew age 13 and Mr. & Mrs. Smith’s son Ryan age 3. Mr. Smith is an Engineer at Domtar Paper Company and has worked there for 15 years. He attended a local community college and received a degree in Industrial Maintenance. Mrs. Smith is the office manager for the Specialty Clinic at Scotland Health Care System. She also received her degree from the local community college in Health Management. This is Mrs. Smith’s second marriage. Her first marriage was to her high school sweetheart. During...
Words: 1186 - Pages: 5
...A In today’s youth obsessed culture, millions of men and women are turning to the needle to try and cheat aging—in fact, some people are even hosting Botox parties, wherein several men and women gather for cocktails and “wrinkle-banishing” injections (Neer, 2001). Despite its recent popularity, very few people know that Botox has its origins in food science and medicine. Review of Literature Botox is a trade name for botulinum toxin A, a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium Botulinum (Neer, 2001). Botulinum toxin has been used for medical purposes for over fifty years, but it was not until 2002 when the FDA approved the use of Botox in cosmetic procedures that its use became widespread. Botox was initially used to treat strabismus (lazy eye), blepharospasm (involuntary and uncontrolled eye movements) and cervical dystonia (wry neck). Since its FDA approval in 2002, Botox has been used successfully in over eleven million patients (Schlessinger, n.d.) Botox treatment takes approximately ten minutes to perform and it involves injecting tiny quantities of botulinum toxin A directly into the problem muscles. Because the toxin is injected directly into a certain muscle or muscle group, there is very little risk of it spreading to other areas of the body. The procedure does not require anaesthesia, as discomfort is usually minimal and brief (Brannon, 2008; Neer, 2001). Botox works by blocking the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle side of the neuromuscular junction...
Words: 745 - Pages: 3
...same protein content, it contains nutrients that enrich the cornea and front area of the eye.” The pupil is where light enters, “the iris is the colored part of your eye that determines how large your pupils should be, the ciliary muscles pull the iris open and shut to protect the eye from too much light.” Lastly is the retina, it is inside the eyeball behind the vitreous humor. “This part holds 150 rods and 10 million cones. The rods do not perceive color but are good are defining clear, shape images.” “Cones on the other hand detect color but provide little clarity when there is little like.” (“Eyes.” Teen Health…,1) There are many diseases of the eye that cause vision damage or even blindness those diseases are Glaucoma, Cataracts, Strabismus, and Conjunctivitis. Glaucoma is a serious disease that cause permanent damage to your eye. This specific disease causes the flow of aqueous humor in front of the iris and pupil to change, this change builds up pressure and destroys the cells in the retina. Without the retina cells you can have partial vision loss or even blindness. “Cataracts is the disease in which the lens of your eye lose transparency and cloud up.” “The condition is painless and causes blurred vision and trouble in distinguishing colors.” Luckily this disease can be cured with surgery, “doctors remove the affected lens and replace it with a new one or restore vision with corrective lenses. Easy to spot symptoms are the eye/eyes turning pink or red, and discharge....
Words: 987 - Pages: 4
...Do you know how tigers are like sergeants in the army? It is simple they both wear stripes, or do they. Tigers can have a mutation that causes albinism, and the stripes stay the same black shade or almost all the stripes disappear. This happens when two Bengal tigers who mate, both have a recessive gene that controls the color of their coat. I find it fascinating, how they look, the genetics that cause it, and some of the genetic defects that occur while inbreeding. White tigers have snow white fur or a very pale tan that almost looks white, with the usual black, are rare. Their fur allows them to hide in snow, or light tan, or hide in tall grass and be harder to spot by their prey. The most common eye color for these tigers are varying shades...
Words: 504 - Pages: 3
...optic nerve. Serious injury to the retina or the optic nerve can lead to blindness or anopsia. Oculomotor nerve (III) This is a motor nerve that controls the movement of the eyes. The oculomotor nerve serves to lift the eyelid, rotate the eyeball superiorly, and constrict the opening of the eye (pupil) on exposure to light. Together with the trochlear and abducens nerves, this nerve innervates the external muscles of your eyeball and controls the size of the pupil, thus protecting it from over exposure to too much light. Damage to the oculomotor nerve may result in abnormal eye movements (strabismus) or absence of pupillary light reflexes. Trochlear nerve (IV) This is another motor nerve that functions to control the eye muscles, enabling you to turn the eyes. It is the smallest cranial nerve and it supplies the dorsal oblique eye muscle. A problem with this nerve may also result in strabismus. Trigeminal nerve (V) This is the largest cranial nerve and it performs many sensory and motor functions. It divides into three branches called the ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve. The trigeminal nerve innervates structures originating from the branchial arches. The ophthalmic nerve or V1 has a sensory function and it further subdivides into the lacrimal, the frontal, the nasociliary and the infratrochlear branches. These nerves supply sensory fibers to the orbit of the eye and parts of the nose and tear ducts. The maxillary nerve or V2 is also a sensory nerve that...
Words: 1338 - Pages: 6
...gestation in humans could account for the presentation of SOD/ Morsier’s syndrome. Epidemiology With an occurrence of 6.3 per every 100,000, the disease is known to disseminate equally among male and female newborns and infants. A study conducted in Greater Manchester and Lancashire has identified that, the disease is more prevalent in areas with high unemployment, low income and teenage pregnancy, however the debate is still ongoing about the correlation between maternal age and SOD. Symptoms: The symptoms of Septo Optic dysplasia present differently per the individual. However, there are some common characteristics that include: • Blindness or visual impairment which typically includes absent fixation, visual inattentiveness and strabismus. Symptoms may also include blindness in one or both eyes, pupil dilation in response to light, nystagmus (a rapid, involuntary to-and-fro movement of the eyes), inward and outward deviation of the eyes, hypotonia (low muscle tone), and hormonal problems. • Systematic and behavioral conditions like mental retardation, eplilepsy, cerebral palsy, attention deficit disorder and autism. • Seizures and prolonged skin and eye discoloration known as jaundice may also occur. • Developmental deficiencies such as underdeveloped midfacial structures, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, disturbance in temperature regulation, muscular hypotonia and microgenitalism. • Developmental delays in the individual due to vision impairment or neurological problems...
Words: 1046 - Pages: 5
...I. Executive Summary Upendo Disabled Group is registered NGO with years of operational experience. The Group has a vision of increase confidence of people with disabilities for their complete emancipation from inferiority complex and become responsible for their life in order to participate full in building the nation. The main goal is to build a society where disable will have equal opportunities to social economical and physical development to all level. Upendo Disabled Group working with different stakeholders will address some of the factors causing killings of Albinos. The organization will provide Human right education to society to understand the nature of the problem and how to solve it. The Project will help Albinos to be aware of their disability problem, how to overcome and build their skills to take control of their life. Upendo disabled group will prepare a film and distribute in different districts in lake regions. In that film the effect of stigma to Albino will be addressed. Also the community will be educated that Albino they can do many thing like those of normal person. The program will be broadcasted in different TV stations to attract more people. Upendo disabled Group will conduct interventions using different approaches such as community outreach activities, group discussions between parents and Albino and establishment of active groups to reach the target. Upendo disable group has more than 3 years experience working together with disabled groups and...
Words: 2401 - Pages: 10
...it must be reported to the CDC. Botulism is a very aggressive and serious illness and should be treated as such. With proper and aggressive treatments, the survival rate will hopefully continue to grow positive outcomes. References Blitzer A, Brin MF, Keen MS, Aviv JE. Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Hyperfunctional Lines of the Face. Arch Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery.1993;119(9):1018–1022. doi:10.1001/archotol.1993.01880210108015 Carruthers, J. D., and Carruthers, J. A. (1992), Treatment of Glabellar Frown Lines with C. Botulinum‐A Exotoxin. The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, 18: 17-21. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725. 1992.tb03295.x Scott, A B. “Botulinum Toxin Injection of Eye Muscles to Correct Strabismus.” Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 79 (1981): 734–770. Print. ...
Words: 712 - Pages: 3
...Albinism Albinism is a congenital disorder where there is a complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes because of the absence or defect in the enzyme that produces melanin. Melanin is responsible for pigment in plants, animals, and protists. Albinism in man has been described by many Greek and Roman writers, and the first accurate scientific paper about it was written in 1908 by Sir Archibald Garrod. Most people only think of humans in the case of albinism, but in reality, it affects humans as well as plants and animals. In plants, Albinism is the total or partial absence of chlorophyll. Because there is an inadequate amount of chlorophyll, photosynthesis is impaired. As a result, plants with albinism usually die at a young age. According to scientific authors Maya Kumari, Heather J. Clarke, Ian Small, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique, some environmental conditions like temperature, light, media composition, and culture conditions can play a role in determining the frequency of albino plant formation. Although environmental factors can sometimes play a role, genetic factors are the main determinants. Genetic studies in different crops show that it is a recessive trait governed by many loci. Because nuclear as well as chloroplast genomes affect albinism, incompatibilities between them is a likely cause of pigment defects in hybrid progenies (Kumari). In angiosperms large amounts of these incompatibilities are found. Unfortunately, there is no solution...
Words: 2415 - Pages: 10
...weeks Low Birth Weight – BW less than 2500 grams Very Low Birth Weight – BW less than 1500 grams Extremely Low Birth Weight – BW less than 1000 grams Short term complications of Prematurity: NICU based Respiratory Distress PDA Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Late Onset Sepsis Grade III – IV Intraventricular Hemorrhage Necrotizing Enterocolitis Periventricular Leukomalacia ROP Long Term Complications of Prematurity: Outpatient Based Neurodevelopmental Disabilities – impaired cognitive skills, motor deficits, sensory impairments, vision and hearing losses, behavioral problems. Chronic Health Issues – RSV, asthma, feeding intolerance, surgical issues, poor weight gain, small head circumference, Strabismus, Umbilical Hernia, BPD, Apnea of prematurity, SIDS, GER, Anemia of prematurity, amblyopia, CP, Hydrocephalus, Inguinal Hernias Care for the Prematurity Infant: Although most NICU graduates are discharged from the NICU when their adjusted gestational age is near or at term, they differ in their medical needs...
Words: 739 - Pages: 3
...* Pattern Theory- My pain sharing the same pathway with lots of other impulses, * Touching something hot, associating touch with pain * Specificity- sensations like touch, warm, cold that involve distinct receptors and pathways and intensity depends on the amount of tissue damage * Gate Control Theory- grey matter in horn of CNS (spinal cord to medulla), in this substantial gelenoca (in middle), it acts like a gate, opens and closes based off of impulses coming in; regulating the transmission of pain * Dull pain or constant wimping (frequency) * Neuromatrix theory- pain is a multidimensional experience; mystical; visceral pain makes me nauseous, headache, and now my big toe hurts; pain is about all of these things. * Eyes: * How optic disk gets activated: light hits the fovea macula (center where cones –light receptors are), then it travels the optic nerve * Glacuoma- pressure problem from fluid, vicious tumor and aqueous tumor smushes rods and cones causes distorted vision, which distorts the lens and refracts the light * Pressure problem, because of fluid, or structure problem, misshapen lens * Macular degenerations- detachment over time of thin tissues- they start peeling off life a sunburn * Loosens then peels * Cranial nerves- eye movement * Ocular motor nerve- problem with my eyes, can’t control the muscle * Why people are blind: problems anywhere from lens to brain * Proctective structures: ...
Words: 733 - Pages: 3
...What is Down syndrome? Down syndrome is genetic disorder that causes lifelong mental retardation, developmental delays and other problems. Down syndrome varies in severity, so development problems range from moderate to serious. Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of severe learning disabilities in children, occurring in one in every 700 to 800 infants. Increased understanding of Down syndrome and early interventions make a big difference in the lives of both children and adults with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is also known as Trisomy 21 syndrome. Trisomy 21 is due to an extra copy of chromosomes number 21. Instead of having the normal two copies chromosomes number 21, the person with Down syndrome has three copies of chromosomes 21. Meaning normally a fertilized egg has 23 pairs of chromosomes. In most people with Down syndrome, there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. (Rogers, 2007, pg.6) The formal story began in 1866, when a physician named John Langdon Down published an essay in England in which he described a set of children with common features who were distinct from other children with mental retardation. Down was superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England when he made the first distinction between children who were cretins (later to be found to have hypothyroidism) and what he referred to as "Mongoloids." Down based this unfortunate name on his notion that these children looked like people from Mongolia,...
Words: 992 - Pages: 4
...Adria Mansfield Behavioral Modification September 3, 2014 Eric ComStock While visiting my cousin we decided to go out for dinner. We decided to go to outback steak house. When we arrived there it was awfully crowded. We had a forty-five minute wait. While waiting in line I start to observe this Caucasian female. I chose her because she seemed to be very interested. For one she had bright pink hair and tattoos all over. There wasn’t a clear skin spot anywhere. While standing in line for forty-five minutes I start to observe her blinking her eyes. The reason my attention was focused on her was because she didn’t have just an ordinary blink. It appeared to be excessive blinking. Although, blinking is involuntary; which is known as a respondent behavior it’s also an automatic reflex (Lee, Axelrod, pg. 2). “Blinking is an automatic reflex that protects the eyes from dryness, bright light, and any other objects coming towards it”. Blinking regulates tears, in which they nourish and cleanse the surface of the eye” (www.aapos.org). ` The lady appeared to blink her eyes thirty times within one minute. Within the time frame of me observing her she had blinked one hundred and fifty times within five minutes. The blinking rate is 2 times per minute when you are born. By the time you reach adolescence it should...
Words: 912 - Pages: 4
...can be having very white hair but it can also be brown. As hair color changes eyes as well change in an individual with albinism. People can have from light blue to brown eyes. As there is a low level of melanin the iris tends to appear translucent or sometimes exposure to light can make the iris look pink or red. Due to the fact they have low pigment it prevents the iris from completely blocking sunlight, which makes individuals with albinism be sensitive to light. Finally, people with albinism have trouble with their vision. Some vision problems can cause the eye to move rapidly and nonstop from side to side, which is called nystagmus. Another problem is when the eyes are not looking at same direction at the same time, which is called strabismus. People with albinism also suffer nearsightedness and farsightedness. Besides that they have no tolerance of light due to the discomfort in their eyes, which it is known as photophobia. Babies born with albinism tend to have the worst vision problems, but after six months it improves even...
Words: 873 - Pages: 4
