...Stylistic syntax 1. General considerations The object of stylistic analysis on syntactic level is sentence. Within the domain of syntax stylistics deals with the following crucial problems: 1) the stylistic potential of syntactic units of different structural design, semantic characteristics and communicative types; 2) the syntactic synonymy, i.e. the peculiarities of rendering of one and the same logical content by syntactic units with different structure, functional characteristics, expressive colouring and connotations; 3) description of syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. Owing to its constructive nature, syntax is considered to have more perceptible stylistic power (when compared with morophological and lexical level) because it embraces the expressive potential of morphology and vocabulary. Syntax is the structural basis of any utterance and text: the process of nomination and metaphorization, logical and figurative, emotional, expressive and poetic colouring of the words, language imagery and symbolism, specific figures of speech, new coinages and at last the individual speaker’s creativity are actualized only on the level of syntax, and, having been melted into a completed unity, can fulfill its communicative purpose. Thus the importance of syntax for stylistic analysis is hard to overestimate. It is syntax that fixes the stylistic aspect of any text. Syntax, alongside with other stylistic elements (phonetic, morphological, lexical) that secure utterance...
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...Themes and Topics Themes * Theme, according to the text, tells what the sentence is all about and is considered as the first element of the sentence. Once the theme is identified the rest is then considered “the rheme”. The rheme here acts as the supporting details. According to Van Dijk, the theme is called the sentential topic which indicates a special function of semantic units. Thus, it has two main functions according to Brown and Yule, one is to connect back to the previous discourse another is to provide a starting point for the development of the discourse. Thematisation, therefore, plays an important part in the combination and sequencing of clauses. Discourse Topic * The theme of the text is called “discourse topic”. However, as Fries would stress, the first sentence of the text does not usually contain its discourse topic. Sentence topics are different from discourse topics, but not completely independent of them. The topic of the sentence is the main element of the discourse topic. Marcrostructures * Macrostructures derives the topic of discourse from the text and is has one or more macropropositions which expresses the discourse topic of the text. Macropropositions are derived by mean of macrorules. Macrorules summarises and reduces information. Thus, it has three kinds: deletion, generalization and construction. Headlines and leads * Headlines and leads have an important role in news stories, because they are supposed to summarize...
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...COVER PAGE Table of contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1 Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs: Theoretical Aspect 4 1.1. Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs and Their Different Interpretations 4 1.2. Syntax, Morphology and Scope of semi-modal verbs 7 Chapter 2: Semi-Modal Verb GET: Practical Aspect 12 2.1. Usage: Tense and Aspect 12 2.2. Different Uses of Semi-Modal Verb GET 14 Conclusions 19 Bibliography 20 Introduction Human language is truly unique as it allows us to talk about things beyond here and now. The way we do so is through the Tense, Aspect and Modality systems of natural language. Modality is what this paper is about. Roughly speaking, modality allows us to talk about events that may not have happened, but are desired or required. Modality is completely autonomous unit, and it affects our language usage in many ways. Tense and Modality are undeniably interconnected: what used to be a possibility a month ago may not be one today. Tense and Aspect are likewise related: a punctual event that took place yesterday may not hold at present, but an event (or state) that is more durative may still hold. The primary function of modal verbs is to enable us to talk about possibilities and necessities. We can talk about the ways the world should be, were there peace on Earth, how it might have been, would Christopher Columbus not have landed in America, etc... This ability to go beyond...
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...Historical development of syntax (linguisist) As syntax is one of the core foundations of all linguistic study, you can imagine there are countless linguists specialising in this field. So here you will find a summary in chronological order of some of the main faces in syntax. This topic runs very closely next to when is syntax studied, so make sure to take a look at the information on that page to understand the full picture. Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 to 1835) Wilhelm Humboldt was the first European linguist to identify the human language as rule governed, rather than just words and phrases which have meaning. This notion highly influenced Noam Chomsky's work, who often quoted Humboldt's idea that language "makes infinite use of finite means", which means that any number of sentences can be created using a restricted number of rules. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 to 1913) Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is an incredibly well known man in linguistics as he is considered to be one of the most influential linguists of the 20th Century. His work, 'Cours de Linguistique Generale, mentioned in when is syntax studied, is one of his best known works, compiled after his death. Which is generally thought to be the start 'structural linguistics'. Viggo Brondal (1887-1942) Viggo Brondal, a Danish Philologist, alongsde Louis Hjemslev founded the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen. Hjemslev also went on to found the journal 'Acta Linguistica' in 1939. Noam Chomsky born 1928 As...
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...A Linguistic Comparison Italian and Spanish are two romantic languages that still exist today. Their roots trace back to Vulgar Latin, which emerged in Europe from classic Latin as people mixed in their native languages with Latin. Vulgar Latin did not deviate too much away from Latin, but it is different from Classical Latin, in the sense that speakers of this new language dropped endings in words and prepositions and added “slang” to Classical Latin. Since they both derive from what became the Romance language, there are many similarities between the two including syntax, and morphology. Spanish and Italian like all human languages in the world have a noun phrase and verb phrase as the main syntactic categories in a sentence. When we break the sentence structure down even more, we see that similarities between the two languages. An example of this can be seen when we look at the placement of adjectives in the sentence. Take for example the sentence “the German shepherd was clean” (English, fig 1) translated into both languages. In Italian it translates to “Il pastore tedesco era pulito” (Italian, fig 2). In Spanish the same sentence translates to “El pastor aleman estaba limpio” (Spanish, fig 3). Here we see that the structure of the noun phrase head is shepherd, pastore (italian), and pastor (spanish). The noun phrase then is subcategorized to a determiner and N’, then N’ is further sub-categorized to N’ then adjective. Unlike in English where N’ comes...
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...to verbal symbols or words are called 7. It refers to programming by visual methods 8. It refers to an language that consists of generalized icons and operators 9. It refers to an symbols that are used to denote operations and are usually context-dependent a. b. c. d. Visual programming Operation icons Multidimensional language None of these 9. ___________are operators that involve spatial relations among image, text or other spatial objects a. b. c. d. Spatial operators Visual operators Virtual operators None of these 11. VR stands for a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e. Visual reality Virtual relation Virtual reality None of these Expressions Syntax Operators None of these Teleaction objects Talent...
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...Part 1: * Phrases/Ordering Template: 1. NP (det) + (adj) + N + (PP) 2. VP (aux) + V + (C/CP) 3. S NP + VP 4. Order of NP in English aside from nouns (what words can appear before noun): Super NP NP + PP, Prepositions can be attached to NPs as modifiers (postnominal modifiers); can expand NP or blow it up with Prep Phrase. Ex. The old man on the bench * Phonology: rules for putting sounds (phonemes) together to form syllables/words. * Morphology: study of words/word parts (rules for putting free/bound morphemes together) A. Free/Independent Morphemes: words like “cat” are free morphemes B. Bound Morphemes: Plural ‘-s’, past –ed, -ing, or –ion (not words) * Syntax: rules for combining words into larger phrases (noun phrase/verb phrase/sentences) * Semantics: conceptual meanings of words, and how word meanings relate to each other in sentences. * Linguistic Competence: system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. * Communicative Competence: ability to use sentences in culturally appropriate ways * Words like ‘rose’ have at least three aspects/pieces of information/aspects, what are they: Sound (phonology), meaning, and a part of speech Part 2: * Behaviorism: child is born with a blank slate, and must learn everything from external environments. 1. Imitation: You say what I say, positive reinforcement, form habits 2. Practice: Repetition ...
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...ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.c...
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...Compare and contrast the ‘Airpack’ advertisement and ‘Text A’. Using a framework analysing mode in the ‘Airpack’ advert, many spoken features are used. However the text is mainly in written mode, as it is a script and therefore can easily be rehearsed. This implies that the advertisement can be used by voice or by sight showing that it can be viewed by a variety of ages and audiences. Spoken features in the text are used to adapt to the informal register and to the viewers. ‘Box was a bit flaky?’ The rhetorical technique enhances the conversational tone of the text and the quote ‘a bit’ implies that the character is unsure and uncertain of what they are suggesting thus emphasising the casualness. Furthermore other spoken feature included, is the use of deixis, for example ‘that’ contributes to the context and register of the text. The anaphoric reference of the deixis term ‘that’ implies that the character is not willing to elaborate on what it is they are referring to showing that the advertisement is slightly more colloquial as it is expected that the viewer has the knowledge of the ‘plastic terracotta dish’ that they are referring to. Unlike the ‘Aripack’ advertisement, Text A is more formal as it is part of a newspaper and therefore needs to be informative rather than having a colloquial tone to it. However, when comparing Text A to the ‘Airpack’ advert, it is evident that both texts include lots of spoken features. Whereas the ‘Airpack advert’ is in written mode...
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...Jusmin Rosette M. Pasia ICT IV-A I. 1. Phrase Structure Rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar - except in computer science, where it is known as just a grammar, usually context-free. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation and a grammar that employs phrase structures rules is therefore a constituency grammar and as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation. Phrase structure rules are usually of the following form: meaning that the constituent is separated into the two subconstituents and . Some further examples for English are as follows: The first rule reads: An S (sentence) consists of an NP (noun phrase) followed by a VP (verb phrase). The second rule reads: A noun phrase consists of a Det (determiner) followed by an N (noun). Some further categories are listed here: AP (adjective phrase), AdvP (adverb phrase), PP (prepositional phrase), etc. Specific notations for writing phrase structure rules can be identified in the third rule. The round brackets around AP and PP indicate that these constituents...
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...METHODOLOGY In order for me to carry out this investigation I will be the `Caregiver` which involves me reading `Winnie the Pooh`, a gender neutral book to two of nieces and my nephew. I used a tape recorder to record them, which I then transcribed. I got the parents of the children to sign a consent form which I created; in which they will give me permission of undertake this language investigation. I intend to analyse and annotate my transcripts according to lexical, grammatical and caregiver language features which are evident within my texts. As I believe that these are crucial areas in the way children acquire language. I used Microsoft excel which allowed me to accurately count the number of verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, nouns etc. Which were used by each child. This resulted in statistical data that will create concrete evidence which I will use in my essay to support my analysis. INTRODUCTION/HYPOTHESIS For my A-level English language investigation coursework, I have chosen to evaluate child language Acquisition and how gender differences may be apparent at the telegraphic stage as well as how caregiver language can vary when interacting with different genders. When looking over at my transcripts I will keep a few questions into consideration: * Does gender influence child language acquisition? * Does caregiver language alter our verbal communication when interacting with different...
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...Kerry Kempink Mrs. Morris ENC 1102-69980 24 April 2008 Sentence Construction and Style It has been argued for decades on why the first year of college is so important for a student. The first year of college is generally filled with attending class and completing work for courses that seem to have little to no noteworthy importance on what a student wants to achieve a degree in. Some courses for example, humanities and psychology, endow students with just enough information to give the student a broad idea of what the subject matter the student is enrolled in is really about. Writing courses are no different from information based classes. In a writing course however, a student is expected to complete a task that few other courses will expect from him. The areas of concern are many for writing instructors, but places where progress is most often desired are in the areas of development or sentence construction and wording also known as style. Writing style is the manner in which a writer addresses a matter in prose, a manner which reveals the writer's personality, or “voice.” It is particularly evident in the choices the student makes in syntactical structures, diction, and figures of thought. Why is writing style important? Writing style is what depicts how the reader reads the essay. For example, the statements, the journalist has a very journalistic style, or the scholar's style is too scholarly, reveal the redundant and misleading nature of talking about style...
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...Language: Many Facets Communications comes in all kinds of sounds and symbols. A creature communicates in various ways, whether it is by sounds of voices, sounds of animals, signs, or symbols very existence of creatures on this planets attempt to communicate in some facet. According to the typical definition of language the response is simple. Willingham, 2007 states that “communication must be communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative and dynamic to be deemed a language.” The sound of animals is a part of communication, but these sounds are arbitrary, they might even be regarded as dynamic; however it is not structured, but it is original, so it makes a particular sound, even though it is not generative. The mental dictionary is of interest to the cognitive functions, and language assimilation of an individual because of the stored images of the speech, and the lexicon. The lexical doorway accrue the spelling, pieces of sounds, and pronunciation for every single word that has been incorporate into a person’s vocabulary. Furthermore, it is amazing how an individual can selectively distinguish the words by cross-referencing these forms of speech with things that they have identified with that is perceptible. Human beings attempt to associate certain sounds that animals make with precise lexicons to see if those specific sounds can formulate a specific language. According Willingham, 2007 he states in the text that language is hard to define. The standard definition and...
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...Discuss whether it is possible to prove we are born with innate ideas An innate idea is an idea, of which, we are born with. I believe it is possible that we are born with innate ideas, although few. However, I do not believe it to be possible to prove this. G.E. Moore, Chomsky, Plato and Leibniz all tried to prove humans to have innate ideas. Alas, they could not do so without flaws in their arguments. G.E. Moore had the idea that morality was an innate idea. This is because he believed ‘good’ could be neither taught nor defined, as everyone has different opinions on good. As some people may say it good to kill a serial killer, but many people would argue that this is not. This means our ideas of what is ‘good’ or not must be innate, as they cannot be taught to us, thus our morality is innate. This is unlike a statement such as 2+2=4, as this is a state which can be taught to us and is definitely correct. It cannot be argued against as it is a necessary truth. ‘Good’, conversely, could be something that is picked up through life. That as we grow up and we are told off for doing wrong and praised for doing right, we could learn our morality. This fits in with ‘good’ still being undefinable’, as every child will have a different upbringing with different experiences and learn a different meaning of ‘good’. They will not definitely be born with the sense the idea of morality but learn it from their sense, as Hume would argue. They also learn this from inward expressions- emotions-...
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...Lucie Růžičková A Complex Sentence Analysis 'Mary and John intended to write the essay together, but then they visited the new exhibition of modern art on Sunday, because when Mary arrived for the weekend, most of the text had already been written by John and it did not take them much time to finish it.' a) We can distinguish several kinds of sentences. It might be SIMPLE sentence(1), NON-SIMPLE(multiple) sentence which comprises Complex(2a), Compound(2b) and Complex Compound(2c) sentence or so called SEMI-CLAUSE(3). Simple sentence is a sentence that had one Subject part and one Predicate part = a single independent clause. Complex sentence consists of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause. Compound sentence is formed of two or more main clauses which are joined by conjunctions such as and, or, or but. Complex Compound sentence contains more than one main clause and several subordinated clauses. [1] Our analysed sentence consists of five clauses. Four of them are main clauses and one is subordinate clause. This indicates that our sentence belongs to Complex-Compound type of sentence.(4) The multiple sentence is further distinguished by the type of grammatical relationship that holds between the clauses. If the grammatical relationship is paratactic, the clauses are coordinated. If the grammatical relationship is hypotactic, the clauses are subordinated. Parataxis is the grammatical arrangement of "equal" constituents(clauses). It is a hallmark of coordination...
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