...The precipitation in the Andes Mountains change but not severely between two places. There is a lot of rainfall all year around in Columbia. However, in Ecuador, there is the desert climate with very little rain. Peru is also like Ecuador. In Chile, there are two different climates but both have sufficient rainfall all year around. In the summer in the Andes, rainfall averages less than 8 inches. In the winter, it averages less than 4 inches in the biomes. The temperatures of the biomes around the Andes Mountains vary from place to place. In Colombia the average temperature is 64°F because it is wet and warm. Since Ecuador has deserts, it is very warm with an average of 68°F and the same temperature throughout Peru. Bolivia is dry and hot with...
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...The Andes form the backbone of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. It is the longest unbroken mountain chain in the world, soaring higher than any range except the Himalayas in South Asia. Some of the Andes’ snowcapped peaks tower more than 20,000 feet (6,000 m) above sea level. The Andes have shaped not only the physical geography of the Andean nations, but also the economies and lifestyles of the people who make their homes in this region. The Andes stretch some 5,500 miles (8,850 km) all the way from the Caribbean Sea to the southernmost tip of South America. At places in Peru and Bolivia the mountain range is nearly 500 miles (800 km) wide. Its rocky walls divide the Andean nations into three distinct environments: coastal plain, highlands, and forest. Coastal Plain Between the mountains and the sea, a narrow plain stretches along the entire Pacific coast from Colombia to the southern end of Chile. At some points it is no more than a sandy beach at the foot of the mountains; in other places it reaches inland for 100 miles (160 km). The Atacama Desert, the driest and one of the most lifeless places on earth, occupies the coastal plain in northern Chile. Because ocean winds lose their moisture blowing across the cold waters of the Peru Current, only dry air ever reaches the land, creating a desolate wasteland. The Atacama is so dry that archaeologists have found perfectly preserved relics from ancient times. These include colored textiles woven hundreds of years ago...
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...Part A. The most significant geographic factor that contributed to the development of the early Andean civilizations is the Andes Mountains. The Andes Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the Western hemisphere, running along the Western part of South America for over 4,500 miles, from Columbia to Chile. The mountain range was home to early Andean civilizations such as the Chavin (circa 900 B.C. – 200 B.C.), Nazca (circa 200 B.C – 600 A.D.), Moche (circa 100-700 A.D.), and Inca (circa 1471 – 1531AD). (Beck, et al 2012) The Andes Mountains were a significant factor in the cultivation in the lives of these early peoples because of a geographical environment that consisted mainly of three types of terrain: snow-covered mountain peaks and valleys; arid, coastal lowlands; and tropical rainforests. Each terrain had it’s own set of unique natural resources for the people to use to their advantage, as well as providing them with many hardships to overcome. (Soomo, 2013). The Incan Empire gives us many examples of how these ancient peoples were able to overcome some of the hardships of the harsh mountain terrain. Creating stone terraces on the mountainsides enabled soil to be held in place for use in planting food sources such as potatoes, and prevent erosion. They also were able to manipulate mountain rivers by diverting them to help irrigate the lower, more drier dessert areas, so that crops such as maize and chili peppers could thrive...
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...Miracle In The Andes Summary The Miracle In The Andes is a novel by Nando Parrado, and it is a real story happened in the 13th of the October in 1972. The novel talking about the Fairchild, an Uruguayan plane crashed in the Andes. The passengers on the plane were 45, and many of them were from the Old Christian rugby team include some of their family members. In the crash 40 members had survived from 45, and by the time they spend it on the Andes the number had reduced to 16. The novel also talking about the horrors they faced on the mountain like the cold, the lack of food and water, nevertheless; they experienced the death of their friends and family members. They learned many treks to keep them alive on the Andes, they learned how to stay warm, they melted the snow to drink and they ate the dead bodies flesh to survive from starvation. They tried desperately to climb the mountain, but their attempt failed. Nando Parrado did not want to die on the Andes like one of his friends, so he decided to climb. Even though he was afraid to face the Andes, but he made his destination to the west. Ten days after all the horrors, he and with two of his teammate found their way into the mountains. After they arrived home, Nando back to his normal life again, and he attained the promise that he made to himself that he will meet his father again, and he will enumerate how his Mom and Susy died on the Andes. Vocabulary P. 76 1. Claustrophobic: Uncomfortably closed or hemmed...
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...Andes flight disaster Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known as the Andes flight disaster and, in South America, as the Miracle of the Andes (El Milagro de los Andes) was a chartered flight carrying 45 people, including a rugby union team, their friends, family and associates, that crashed in the Andes on 13 October 1972. More than a quarter of the passengers died in the crash and several others quickly succumbed to cold and injury. Of the 27 who were alive a few days after the accident, another eight were killed by an avalanche that swept over their shelter in the wreckage. The last 16 survivors were rescued on 23 December 1972, more than two months after the crash. The survivors had little food and no source of heat in the harsh conditions at over 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) altitude. Faced with starvation and radio news reports that the search for them had been abandoned, the survivors fed on the dead passengers who had been preserved in the snow. Rescuers did not learn of the survivors until 72 days after the crash when passengers Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa, after a 10-day trek across the Andes, found Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán, who gave them food and then alerted the authorities to the existence of the other survivors. The crash On 13 October 1972, a chartered Uruguayan Air Force twin turboprop Fairchild FH-227D was flying over the Andes carrying the Old Christians Club rugby union team from Montevideo, Uruguay, to play a match in Santiago, Chile. The trip...
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...the Andes, share the same communication of this idea throughout their writing. Throughout Joe Simpson’s novel, Touching the Void, two mountain climbers make a perilous venture to the summit of Peruvian Andes and strike tragedy on their decent, displaying the...
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...Part A The Andean civilizations was a significant geographic factor that shaped the development of South America. The Andes Mountains extend from Venezuela to the southern tip of the continent and considered to be some of the largest as well as the longest chain of mountains (Encyclopedia of Everything Mountains, 2016) in the world. They stretch along the entire west coast of South America from Cape Horn to Panama, a distance of 4,500 miles. Only the Himalaya Mountains and their adjacent ranges such as the Hindu Kush are higher than the Andes range.) The mountains not alone provided boundaries and beauty but it is rumored that the word Andes come from the word Anti which means copper in the Quechuan language. This metal is one of many resources found in this mountain cluster. Found also is gold, silver, tin, lead, iron, platinum, and quicksilver. It is home to many different species of animals, active and non-active volcanoes, great rivers, and glaciers that cover the high peaks of the mountain tops even close to the equator. (Encyclopedia of Everything Mountains, 2016). Part B An example of diffusion that is constant throughout world history is the spread of religious beliefs and practices. These travelled with traders, migrants, and warriors, just as much as with missionaries. For example, Arab traders brought Islam to the north and east of Africa, India, and southeast Asia long before their warriors followed. On the other hand, long before Protestants and Catholics...
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...There are some similarities between two painting. First of all, the objects in both painting is similar. They both had the huge mountain, a forest, a pool or lake and also the appearance of human. The layout of both painting is also similar. There is a lake in the middle of the forest and the mountain is in the back. In contrast, there are also some differences between 2 painting Looking up the Yosemite Valley and Heart of the Andes. In Heart of the Andes, I think because of the time of a day, the painting Heart of the Andes is brighter than Looking up the Yosemite Valley. There is no shade in there. The most important differences between 2 painting is the position of viewing. In Looking up the Yosemite Valley, the artist view is from the bottom....
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...Task 1-A: The two most significant environmental or physical geographic factors that contributed to the development or expansion of the United States is the California Gold Rush and the Irish Potato Famine. The first most significant factor was the California Gold Rush. Before gold was officially discovered in Northern California on January 24, 1848, Kelly (n.d.) states that the entire population of the California territory was around 25,000. A few years after California was admitted as the 31st state in The Union in 1850, a special census was taken and the population had grown to 223,856. Kelly (n.d.) also states that in San Francisco alone, the population was approximately 800 in 1848 to well over 50,000 at the close of 1849. Before the rush, California was a vast wild wilderness that most Americans never dreamed of visiting. There were tales of savage people and even more savage wilderness and it was widely known that lawlessness and general uncivility reigned supreme throughout the new Western Territories. These tales enthralled the general public but deterred most from doing anything but follow the stories through newspaper articles and books. But with the discovery of a gold nugget at a sawmill owned by John Sutter, all of this changed. Newspapers reported the great discovery and when U.S. President James Polk confirmed the rumors in his annual congressional address in December of 1848, the California Gold Rush was on! This rush came a time in history when people...
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...This dense rainforest covers the headwaters of the Amazon all the way to the eastern slopes of the Andes. This rainforest is so dense that most ways to get into the main hub of it is to go by boat or land in a very unstable landing airport. There are so many diverse plants and animals in the jungle it is very hard to count. One of the plants that lives in the Jungle is called Huasai. This plant has many medicinal values in the body such as curing, fever, malaria and helping diabetes. Even though the Andes mountains cover most of the western part of Peru the Jungle gets more than 100- 160 inches of rainfall a year. When they get this much rainfall many of their rivers, such as the Amazon get overflooded and provide rich soil into other parts of the area. All around the rainforest there is a constant temperature of 72-93. Peru has more than ninety percent and even up to 100 percent of humidity in all parts of the...
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...PART A The most significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the development of the ancient South American society of the Incas was the Andes Mountains. The Inca Empire had villages and cities throughout the Andes Mountains. Some of these settlements were as low as sea level and their capital, Cusco, was at an altitude of 11,200 feet. The Andes are considered some of the longest and highest mountain ranges. In fact it’s tallest peak, Mount Aconcaqua, in Argentina, tops out at 22,841 feet (Zimmermann, 2013). Despite the fact that people were traversing mountains the people flourished creating trails, aqueducts and agricultural practices that still exist today. Almost every aspect of the Incas life were affected by the Andes. Due to the changes in climate and altitude from one settlement to another, the Incas had to develop resilient breeds of crops including potatoes, quinoa and corn (Graber, 2011). Not only were the mountains home to the Incas believed them to be Gods. They created some of the most indelible cities right into the sides of the mountains in an extremely precise manor that is still studied to this day. For these reasons and many more, the Andes Mountains are certainly one of reasons the ancient people of South America grew as a civilization. PART B The process of diffusion between early human societies can easily be seen through the use and distribution of the potato throughout the globe. The potato was originally cultivated in...
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...Machu Picchu stands 2,430 m above sea-level, in the middle of a tropical mountain forest, in an extraordinarily beautiful setting. It was probably the most amazing urban creation of the Inca Empire at its height; its giant walls, terraces and ramps seem as if they have been cut naturally in the continuous rock escarpments. The natural setting, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, encompasses the upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna. Machu Picchu bears, with Cuzco and the other archaeological sites of the valley of the Urubamba (Ollantautaybo, Runcuracay, Sayacmarca, Phuyupamarca, Huiñay Huayna, Intipucu, etc.) a unique testimony to the Inca civilization. Cuzco and the old villages still retain traces of land occupation from the Inca Empire to preserve, in a more global manner, an archaeological heritage which has become susceptible to the effects of urbanization. Furthermore, Macchu Picchu is an outstanding example of man's interaction with his natural environment. Standing 2,430 m above sea level, in the midst of a tropical mountain forest in an extraordinarily beautiful setting, Machu Picchu was probably the most amazing urban creation of the Inca Empire at its height. Its giant walls, terraces and ramps seem as if they have been cut naturally in the continuous rock escarpments. The natural setting, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, encompasses the upper Amazon basin with its rich diversity of flora and fauna. Machu Picchu covers 32,500 ha in some...
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...Culture is the way of life for a group of people. Latin America has a very rich culture, which is deeply affected by its many geographical features. Culture includes language, day-to-day practices, religion, food, clothing, celebrations, and arts. Latin America’s physical features include rivers, mountains, deserts, rain forests, archipelagos, and other landforms. These features can provide resources for the inhabitants, or create barriers, thus affecting how they live. These physical features decide what they eat, grow, and produce. In Columbia, the volcanic mountains provide fertile soil which is suitable for growing coffee beans, plantain, beans, and other plants. The Amazon River provides water for the crops. Oil can be drilled for and...
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...region, Bolivia is landlocked. This, without a doubt, only adds to the difficult task the Bolivian economy faces. However, positive change is taking form in most third world regions of the earth. With everyday, more volunteer groups, private investments, and modern medicine aid countries like Bolivia with their domestic, economic, and political complications. Bolivia is divided into three major geographical groupings defined by the Andes. The first being the collection of mountains found in the West along with the Altiplano. The second major geographical region is located in the valleys formed from the eastern mountain slopes. These valleys provide a semi tropical environment allowing for appropriate agricultural activities. However, the third geographical area contain plains that stretch across 63% of the country. These eastern lowlands(plains) are also referred to as Oriente. The rest is virtually the Andes mountains that literally split the landlocked country in half. The smaller half of the country (majority Amerindian) consists of mountain and rock leaving little to no agriculture to be had. In contrast, the larger half (majority Mestizo) has fertile lands and is neighboring to the South American giant Brazil which opens doors for employment and other economic opportunity. The population of Bolivia is 10,461,053(July 2013). Unfortunately, Bolivia ranks lowly in a multitude of demographic categories. For example, public education quality is dismal, three quarters of the...
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...“Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid”. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. Plate tectonics is the theory that suggests that the Lithosphere is separated up into approximately twelve plates that can be moved around via convection currents, changing the land and sea formations across the globe. Since interest began during the early 20th century a variety of propositions have been put forward to suggest the existence of plate tectonics. The most prominent of these theories is the existence of seismic waves and volcanic activity, especially the location and distribution of these. Along with these theories is the discovery of fossils and their locations across the globe, as well as the shape of the existing continents and the “jigsaw” theory. During the 17th century Francis Bacon noted that the West coast of Africa and Europe coincidentally looked as though they would fit with the East coast of the Americas. However, Bacon had little evidence for this theory, meaning it was swiftly forgotten. During the 1920’s, Alfred Wegner, proposed that the formation of the continents today has occurred via continental drift. However, Wegner goes on to suggest that 300 million years ago there was a single landmass, commonly known as Pangaea, as shown in Figure 1.1. Pangaea was one supercontinent that existed during the late Palaeozoic and carrying on into the early Mesozoic eras. It consisted of...
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