...Gifted Education International 1993 Vol. 9, pp. 68-77 © 1993 A B Academic Publishers C. June Maker, The University of Arizona, USA creativity, intelligence, and problem solving: a defmition and design for cross-cultural research and measurement related to giftedness Abstract A new definition of giftedness is proposed based on a review of the constructs of intelligence, creativity, and problem solving. A research design employed in a series of studi~s of giftedness in children and adults is presented, along w1th a summary of important results. Finally, implications of the design for both research and practice are outlined. Intelligence A central concept in many theories and definitions of intelligence is solving problems or adaptation to one's environment. Although the phrase "problem solving" is not always found, the concept of "adaptation" or "ability to adapt", a central concept in many definitions (Binet & Simon, 1909 (cited in Terman, 1916); Boynton, 1933; Colvin, 1921; French, 1962; Piaget, 1981; Pintner, 1921; Stern, 1914; Wechsler, 1941 ), implies that individuals encounter situations (problems) to which they must devise ways of reacting. Thus, they are solving problems. Later theorists and researchers revised these general concepts of "adaptation" by adding the idea of adapting to the cultural as well as the biological environment (Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 1982_; Goodnow, 1976; Charlesworth, 1976; Olson, 1976; Ne1sser...
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...Evaluating The Alternative Uses Test of Creativity Caitlin Dippo College of Design University of Minnesota Twin Cities 100 Church St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 Faculty Advisor Barry Kudrowitz Abstract The Alternative Uses Test is a means of evaluating divergent thinking abilities. The test requires subjects to list nonobvious uses for a common object. In our studies, participants were given three minutes to take this test using a paper clip as the object. There are several objectives of this research. Firstly, we are testing the hypothesis that the subjects who list more responses will have more creative responses. Similarly, we hypothesize that as one lists alternative uses, the items suggested first will be less creative/novel than the items towards the end. This data should provide insight into how people make associations while generating ideas. A secondary goal of this research is to develop an automated scoring rubric for this specific Alternative Uses Test to allow for a faster evaluation of creativity. Keywords: Creativity, Alternative Uses, Paperclip 1. Introduction Divergent thinking is a critical part of a creative design process. Design problems typically do not have one correct solution and often there are many solutions for a given problem. It is important to better understand how divergent thinking is evaluated and how people make associations to think of novel ideas. The alternative uses test is a standard test of divergent thinking. In the current...
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...development of a child. Include (a) your hypothesis and (b) your method. How a parent disciplines and respond to their child may have great affects on their creative thinking. There are four types of parenting styles, authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. (Kendra Cherry, “Parenting Styles”) By definition, I would consider myself an authoritative parent. I give my children age-appropriate rules and chores and corrective punishment when they break their rules. I will be focusing on the children’s creativity and which parenting style suppresses it. My hypothesis is that if a parent uses an authoritative style, then the child will become more creative. My method would be to observe families with school-aged children. After I am able to determine the parenting style being used I will have their children take the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). I will have an equal amount of males and females with the same age from each parenting style take the test. The first style, authoritarian, children are expected to follow strict rules. When the rules are broken, punishment follows. Because these are obedience-oriented parents and live by the rule of “Do as I say and don’t ask questions”, children are not left to express themselves. (Kendra Cherry, “Parenting Styles”) This hinders a child’s imagination greatly and, in a sense, creates little robots. Being a soldier, I know this feeling all too well. We are required to follow orders without question. This is for many...
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...research and literature on CREATIVITY IN EDUCATION Report prepared for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority by Anna Craft March 2001 2 Contents Page Numbers 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aims and purposes 1.2 Approach taken and areas covered 4 2.0 A summary of the research and literature on creativity 2.1 Historical overview 2.2 The early part of the twentieth century 2.3 More recent directions in creativity research 2.4 Lines of study stemming from the 1950s 2.4.1 Personality 2.4.2 Cognition 2.4.3 Ways to stimulate creativity 2.4.4 Creativity and social systems 2.5 Background to creativity in education 2.6 Broader claims for creativity in the curriculum 5-12 3.0 What do we mean by creativity? 3.1 Definitions or descriptions of creativity 3.2 High creativity 3.3 Ordinary, or ‘democratic’ creativity 13-15 4.0 The development of creativity in education 4.1 Research into the development of creativity in education 4.1.1 Comprehensive approaches 4.1.2 Educational approaches 4.1.3 Psychodynamic approaches 4.1.4 Humanistic approaches 4.1.5 Behaviourist approaches 4.2 Teaching approaches to developing creativity 4.2.1 ‘Creative cycle’ approaches 4.2.2 Single-strategy approaches 4.2.3 Multi-strategy approaches 4.2.4 System approaches 4.2.5 Overall pedagogic criteria approaches 16-22 3 5.0 Assessment and creativity 5.1 Recording and assessing creativity 23-24 6.0 Conclusions and key findings 6.1 High and democratic creativity 6.2 Domain-specific and...
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...Creativity can be defined as an idea or solution to a problem or situation which is original and distinctive to other work to which can be compared (Runco, 2004). It affects many varying domains that play a substantial role in society e.g. business, innovation, arts, sciences and education (Simonton, 1997). The concept of creativity was not fully recognised until the practical developments of man aided with the economy and also the standard of living –for example the invention of the steam engine and the telephone (Sternberg and Kaufman, 2010). However, it wasn’t until the late 18th century that ‘imagination’ was accepted independently as the leading factor in creativity (Engell, 1981). Many psychologists believe that the imagination is limited due to both internal and external factors that I shall outline in my essay. Cognitive processes and knowledge are fundamental factors when attempting to comprehend creativity. It is generally agreed that obtainable knowledge greatly contributes to creativity, and the quality of creative thoughts are affected by a person’s knowledge and the way in which the aspects of this knowledge is processed (Munford and Gustafson, 1988). Some psychologists believe that there is a threshold level that above an IQ of approximately 120, there is a strong association between IQ and creativity, but above that level this hypothesis is not supported (MacKinnon, 1961). A low IQ suggests that a person would struggle with creativity – regarding both the...
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...enhancing drugs on creativity, but each study contradicted another study done before it. So, authors Martha J. Farah, Caroline Haimm, Geena Sankoorikal, and Anjan Chatterjee decided to conduct an experimental study into the effects of cognitive enhancing drugs on creativity. Research Method The research method used in this study was experimental. More specifically, the researchers used a method called a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The advantages of an experimental study is that the researchers can control certain variables within the control group. The controlling of variables allow the researchers to draw conclusion on the cause and effects of the study. A double-blind placebo-controlled study follow a strict set of procedures that enable researchers and peers to conclude that the data collect is accurate and reliable. In this form of study, neither party knows which individuals will be receiving the drug and who won’t be. The researchers took sixteen individuals, four men and twelve were women, all between the ages of twenty one and thirty. Researchers made sure that known of the individuals in the study had a history of psychiatric or neurological disorders. The researchers also weeded out people that had taken narcotics or consumed enough caffeine to be excluded. They covered their bases to be sure their results couldn’t be refuted. After the participants were given the placebo or Adderall, they were subject to certain test to determine whether...
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...either ridiculed another person, ridiculed the self (the person expressing the humor), or involved no ridicule. Results in two studies showed that observing ridicule that targeted another person led participants to conform more to the alleged attitudes of others and to behave in ways suggesting a heightened fear of failure, compared to self-ridicule or no ridicule. In contrast, results in a third study showed that observing self-disparaging ridicule led participants to generate more creative ideas, compared to other-ridicule or no ridicule. The implications of these “inhibiting” effects of other-ridicule and “disinhibiting” effects of self-ridicule are discussed. Keywords: ridicule, disparagement humor, self-ridicule, conformity, creativity Ridicule is defined as “the act of making someone the object of scornful laughter” (Webster‟s New World Dictionary, 2002). This type of humor is common in modernday society. It is a staple in late-night comedy shows, political campaigns, advertising, and even prime time television. Stocking, Sopolsky, and Zillmann (1977) did a content analysis of humor in prime time television for one week. An incident of humor was recorded as “hostile” if a person or thing was disparaged. They found that 69% of all humorous incidents in prime time were hostile. Contrasting Effects of Ridicule 47 Of course, ridicule is not...
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...com/locate/ijhcs Developing creativity, motivation, and self-actualization with learning systems Winslow Burlesonà MIT Media Lab, 20 Ames St. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Available online 10 May 2005 Abstract Developing learning experiences that facilitate self-actualization and creativity is among the most important goals of our society in preparation for the future. To facilitate deep understanding of a new concept, to facilitate learning, learners must have the opportunity to develop multiple and flexible perspectives. The process of becoming an expert involves failure, as well as the ability to understand failure and the motivation to move onward. Meta-cognitive awareness and personal strategies can play a role in developing an individual’s ability to persevere through failure, and combat other diluting influences. Awareness and reflective technologies can be instrumental in developing a meta-cognitive ability to make conscious and unconscious decisions about engagement that will ultimately enhance learning, expertise, creativity, and self-actualization. This paper will review diverse perspectives from psychology, engineering, education, and computer science to present opportunities to enhance creativity, motivation, and self-actualization in learning systems. r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Creativity; Learning systems; Psychology; Failure; Motivation Education has the dual power to cultivate and to stifle creativity. Recognition of its complex...
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...standardized tests do not work. These tests are holding some children back and have let the United States slip behind in education compared to the rest of the world. The biggest counter argument being that standardized testing takes objectivity out of student results. Standardized tests are an antiquated idea that has hurt more than helped. The No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law 2001 by then President George W. Bush. The Act...
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...have had to go against what they have been told and have gone against the set “lesson plan” that the teacher has set(In-Text Citation Here #1). They have questioned and worked around to find every possible path of learning that they can. They have taken their mistakes as a way of learning rather than taking it as being unsuccessful(In-Text Citation Here#3).School’s give many opportunities to be creative, but they have so many rules that create brain blocks and don’t allow you to use your creative ideas. Children, such as kindergarteners, had a tremendous creativity drop in the early 1990’s. Studies...
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...often asked why there is so much emphasis on standardized tests. Growing up, we took standardized tests but there was no real preparation work or stress over the test. We didn’t even know until the week prior that we had testing coming up. Back then teachers taught and engaged their students in learning all subjects because they loved teaching. We learned not only what was minimally acceptable to pass a standardized test, but much more beyond the testing requirements. I am very interested about high stake standardized testing in our public school system because it seems my children’s curriculum is solely based on concepts they need to learn to pass their standardized test. Rather than teaching to our children who are eager to learn how to be higher-level thinkers, we seem to be teaching them to accept a minimal standard and simply learn how to pass a test. Today, I see our children being given pretests and benchmark tests to see how well they will do on the standardized test. I witness teachers under pressure to make sure they get the curriculum in prior to the test and students being drilled repeatedly for the standardized tests. Our children come home stressed and concerned because in some states, these tests can determine if you are from moving to the next grade level, even if you are a straight A student on your report card. Many of my friends who were once teachers quit teaching because these standardized tests took the joy out of creative teaching. This has now become...
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...DreamWorks Animation Staffing Manual: A comprehensive guide for the staffing of an Animator. Dream Team: E00338839, E00297691, E00330974, E00445544, E00348316 East Tennessee State University Author Note This paper was prepared for Planning and Staffing – Management 4560, taught by Dr. Karen Ann Tarnoff. Abstract This staffing manual covers the staffing process of an Animator within the organization. The company’s profile, which includes the mission statement and financial information are also outlined in the manual, along with a Legal Compliance guide. Table of Contents Sections Page Company Profile………………………………………………………………………4-8 Job-Specific Information………………………………………………………………9-16 Staffing Models and Strategy………………………………………………………….17-21 Legal Compliance……………………………………………………………………...22-27 Human Resource Planning…………………………………………………………….28-37 Job Analysis and Rewards…………………………………………………………….38-47 External Recruitment………………………………………………………………….48-54 Internal Recruitment…………………………………………………………………..55-60 Internal / External Selection………………………………………………………….61-76 Decision Making……………………………………………………………………...77-83 Final Match…………………………………………………………………………...84-90 References…………………………………………………………………………….91-93 Annotated Bibliography………………………………………………………………94-95 Appendix A: Background Check..................................................................................96 Appendix B: Reference Check........................................................
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...Creativity Research Journal 2005, Vol. 17, No. 1, 51–65 Copyright © 2005 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Feeling Creative, Being Creative: An Empirical Study of Diversity and Creativity in Teams Terri R. Kurtzberg Rutgers University ABSTRACT: Two empirical studies explored objectively measured creative fluency and subjectively perceived creativity in cognitively diverse teams. Results indicate that cognitive diversity may be beneficial for objective functioning but may damage team satisfaction, affect, and members’impressions of their creative performance. Subjective ratings diverged greatly from more objective measures and were more closely related to affective measures. The overall findings present creativity as a complex multidimensional construct, and cognitive diversity as an important predictor of both team emotions and outcomes. Arguments are presented for the value of subjectively perceived creativity, even in the absence of more concrete performance in the immediate time period. The concept of creativity spans a multitude of domains from art to science to literature to business and beyond (e.g. Stumpf, 1995; Tang & Leonard, 1985; Williams & Yang, 1999). Even within any one context, researchers have long recognized that creativity can refer to person, process, product, or environmental response (Rhodes, 1961). At one count, there were well over 50 definitions to be found on this ever-expanding list (Taylor, 1988). It is easy to understand, given this wide...
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...instead of simply measuring students’ ability based on standardized tests, teachers would determine each student’s performance. Rather than just giving the letter grades on each assignment, teachers would give a comment and feedback on students’ works. This feedback mechanism, instead of the letter grading system with standardized tests, would be more helpful for students in learning because...
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...submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts: Leading Innovation and Change at York St. John University, United Kingdom. An Investigation into Attitudes to Workplace Creativity and the Role of Innovation StylesTM as a Model to Enhance and Encourage Creative Thinking in Groups at NCP. Abstract In recent years, organisational creativity has attracted much attention from academics and leadership experts. This is due in part to the relationship between creativity and innovation and also because employees throughout organisations are facing unfamiliar, complex problems. These new problems require novel solutions and as such, a high level of creative thinking is required. Increasingly, the workforce is being asked to identify the real problem, uncover problem-related information and then produce and evaluate a diversity of possible solutions. While organisations are constantly seeking innovative solutions, there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that leadership attitudes to creativity and organisational culture exert a powerful influence on creativity. This influence can be both positive and negative and in order for innovation to become embedded in an organisation’s culture, leaders need to find ways to ‘manage for creativity’. There is almost universal agreement that every human being has the capacity to think creatively, and there is strong evidence to suggest that creative thinking ability diminishes over...
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