...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding...
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...for each sources. Below these three sources are also some questions for you to answer. Source 1 * Author: Alina Poalelungi, Bogdan O. Popescu Credentials of Author: Assoc. Prof. Bogdan O. Popescu, MD, Ph.D., Colentina Clinical Hospital (In ESBCOHost you can click on the authors’ names if they are in blue and it tells you some information about them; In ProQuest there is a little symbol that looks like a stick figure with a blue background that you can click on to get an author’s profile information). A little tip: the less credible resources, such as newspapers and magazines usually do not provide author information because they are merely journalists and have no field expertise in the subject): Date: 2013 Title: Alzheimer’s Disease – Neurological or Psychiatric Disorder Name of the Publication it was published in (for example, if it is a...
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...The Devastation of Dementia: Pathophysiology and Case Study Introduction Relatively little is known about dementia, a disease which affects over 35 million people worldwide (Norton, et al., 2012). Early signs and symptoms may be confused with the “normal” aging process. Those with the disease often try to cover up their mental decline in the early stages, making early diagnosis even more difficult. Educating the medical community and the general population about the signs, symptoms and causes of dementia is an important step in seeking out a cure for this fatal disease. Dementia is a general term for a syndrome that is progressive in nature and is marked by deterioration in cognitive function that is greater than what would normally be expected. There are many types of dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Disease accounts for over 60% of the cases of dementia. Vascular Dementia is the second most common form. Others include Lewy Body Dementia, Parkinsonian Dementia, and Frontotemporal Dementia. There is no cure for any type of dementia, although there are treatments that help lessen the symptoms. Dementia is a progressive disorder and always results in death, either from complications such as falls" or pneumonia or the dementia itself. The number of people with dementia worldwide is expected to reach over 115 million by the year 2050. The current cost of treating dementia is over 1.5 times that of all cancers combined (Hurd...
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...Dementia Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care Issued: November 2006 NICE clinical guideline 42 guidance.nice.org.uk/cg42 NICE has accredited the process used by the Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE to produce guidelines. Accreditation is valid for 5 years from September 2009 and applies to guidelines produced since April 2007 using the processes described in NICE's 'The guidelines manual' (2007, updated 2009). More information on accreditation can be viewed at www.nice.org.uk/accreditation © NICE 2006 Dementia NICE clinical guideline 42 Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................... 4 Person-centred care ..................................................................................................................... 6 Key priorities for implementation .................................................................................................. 8 1 Guidance ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Principles of care for people with dementia ...................................................................................... 11 1.2 Integrated health and social care ..................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Risk factors, prevention and early identification...
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...With Chronic Conditions “Let’s discuss living with . . .” 36 7. Breaking Bad News “I wish I had better news.” 40 8. Working With Diverse Older Patients “Cultural differences, not divides.” 44 9. Including Families and Caregivers “What would you like your family to know?” 48 10. Talking With Patients About Cognitive Problems “You mentioned having trouble with your memory.” 51 11. Keeping the Door Open “Effective Communication” 58 Publications At-a-Glance 60 Services At-a-Glance Tear-Off Card Foreword Good communication is an important part of the healing process. Studies find that effective physician-patient communication has specific benefits: patients are more likely to adhere to treatment and have better outcomes, they express greater satisfaction with their treatment, and they are less likely to bring malpractice suits. Research also shows that good communication is a teachable skill. Medical students who receive communication training improve dramatically, not only in communicating with patients, but also in assessing and building relationships with them. Time management skills also get better. Interpersonal and communication skills are now a core competency identified by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education...
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...Executive Summary Recent studies shows that one of the main challenges which most countries are facing is the increasing proportion of chronic sick in their population. As one of the solutions, the application of personal wearable devices with corresponding system software are more and more popular in various aspects of healthcare. By utilizing modern techniques such as Body Sensor Network and General Packet Radio Service, the recent body sensor network systems continually collect user’s real-time health information and upload it to the database of healthcare center periodically. The system will track the user’s location accurately and alert the emergency center when detecting abnormal signals. Introduction Due to unhealthy living habits and...
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...OUTCOME IN THE LATE STAGE OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE Name: Institution: A business plan describing evidence-based intervention to improve outcome in the late stage of Alzheimer disease Executive summary According to the “British Medical Journal (BMJ)” on the subject “Care plans for individuals with Alzheimer disease: Intuitively a good idea but hard to prove they are effective in practice.” It is seen that teaching based intervention for Alzheimer care are suggested by large professional organizations although it is not evident on who should undertake these models to the patients. Care plans replicas along with the guidelines usually do have the stated objectives of delaying an illness development and functional beg off (Schneider, 2016). Alzheimer is illustrated by momentous impairments in several cognitive areas, functioning as well as the behavioral burden. Premature revealing, as well as management, can avert overuse of expensive healthcare resources and permit the affected people and caregivers the time to prepare for the prospect financial, medical along with the emotional confronts. This planning proposal offers the right measures concerning the evidence-based intervention to improve outcome in the late stage of Alzheimer disease. Among the cited evidence-based intervention that the business proposes to employ in combating the new stage of the disease do include the use of physical along...
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...III Parkinson disease, hypertension, and urinary incontinence (UI). She is receiving carbidopa/levodopa, pramipexole, selegiline, tolterodine, diazepam, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. When she comes to your pharmacy to get her prescriptions, she walks slowly with a cane, and she is stooped over. 1. Identify age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in older people. 2. Evaluate the pharmacotherapy regimens of older people to support the maintenance of optimal physical and mental function. 3. Identify inappropriate medication prescribing in older people. 4. Recommend appropriate pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia. 5. Evaluate the risks and benefits of the use of antipsychotics (APs) (including atypical APs) in older patients with dementia. 6. Recommend appropriate interventions for patients suffering from behavioral symptoms related to dementia. 7. Identify the types of urinary incontinence and recommend appropriate treatments. 8. Given a patient’s American Urology Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia, recommend appropriate therapy. 9. Recommend appropriate analgesic therapy for older patients with osteoarthritis. 10. Discuss risks and benefits of medication classes used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. 2. Which of the following is the single most important intervention you can make to reduce her risk of falls? A. Suggest to J.T. that her neurologist reassess her Parkinson disease...
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...Introduction A.Attention: Did you ever wonder if our generation could ever cure cancer or even give a paraplegic a chance to walk again? Stem cells could be the real answer to these questions. Stem cells are reproductive cells that adopt the qualities of the tissue that it is surrounded by, therefore becoming a part of the tissue itself. B. Thesis statement: Stem cell research has generated new information about basic cell system that is critical to understanding the causes of disease, such as cancer. C. Preview: The state of California has become a world leader in stem cell research. According to the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, stem cell research has the potential to also treat diseases that are currently burdened with high health care costs. These specific diseases include heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or diabetes. II. Body A. If stem cell therapy becomes a cure for these diseases it would cripple the healthcare system. Even if stem cell therapy doesn’t entirely cure a disease, reducing its impact would be a massive economic benefit. 1. Most therapies would allow individuals to go back to work. a. This would also allow the caregivers for these individuals to go back to work again. 2. Stem cell research is expected to boom in the biotech industry, bringing new companies to the state of California and creating high paying jobs. a. Individuals states have passed legislation that either allow some form of embryonic stem cell research or specifically...
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......11 Who can benefit from memo plus gold? .………………………………….. 12 Bacoppa Monniera……………………………………………………………….13 What’s in bacoppa and how does it work? …………………………………14 Mice (Mus musculus)……………………………………………………………16 Mice Protocols.………………………………………………………………....17 General Principles……………………………………………………………....18 The type of maze and what it is used for? ………………………………….20 Chapter III. Methodology A, Research Design…………………………………………………………….21 C. Procedure……………………………………………………………………22 Maze Test………………………………………………………………………..23 D. Flow Chart…………………………………………………………………...24 Chapter IV. Results and Discussion Table 1…………………………………………………………………………..25 Table 2…………………………………………………………………………..26 Chapter V. Summary, Conclusion, Findings, and Recommendation A. Summary…………………………………………………………………….27 B. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..28 C....
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...Introduction Ethical decision-making is a process where one decides on a course of action based on ethical and professional principles. The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice and nonmaleficence are often brought into consideration in ethical dilemmas. Healthcare professionals often use these ethical principles as a premise to make morally sound judgements on care provision. Ethical dilemmas surface when these principles conflict with one another. The correct course of action is not clearly defined and the decisions made may be challenged. Decisions made on moral grounds are often intrinsically complex and intricate. This essay will cover the principles of distributive justice, autonomy, and beneficence. Drawing from personal experience, three individual case pertaining to each principle are provided to illustrate how each principle is either observed or breached. A conclusion is presented at the end of each case study to summarize the ethical reasoning and concepts discussed. A final conclusion will also be presented at the end of the essay to provide closure to the discussion. Distributive Justice Case Study: Dr Adams is a physician working in an acute medical ward. During his shift, he reviewed two critically ill patients. Patient A was an 80-year old lady with thrombocytopenia secondary to lymphoma with a low haemoglobin level. She had been receiving palliative care prior to admission. Patient B was a 50-year old man with an actively bleeding...
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...Topic: Pfizer’s approach to segmentation using Lipitor as an example. What is market Segmentation? Segmentation is a process of processing a large homogenous market into clearly defined identifiable segments with a main aim of designing a marketing mix to match target customers expectations. The basic factors that affect market segmentation are: [1] a) Clear identification of segment b) Determining the effective size of segment c) Promotion of the product to segments d) Using appropriate policies and resources of firm There are few main basic strategies that influence pharmaceutical customer segmentation. They are: a) Demographic ( age, income, sex etc) b) Socio-economic ( social class, stage in family life cycle) c) Geographic factors d) Psychological factors (lifestyle, personality traits) Other factors include perceptual, brand loyalty patterns and medical condition. [2] Segmentation of market is one of the crucial elements of marketing strategy. Criteria depend mainly on nature of market, therefore creating a problem in deciding the actual method. Maslow hierarchy of needs also explains about satisfying the customer needs in a vertical arranged pyramid with primary psychological needs at the bottom step and with self-actualization needs at highest step with safety needs, belonging needs and esteem needs as intermediate steps in the hierarchy. For my research, I have chosen Pfizer and will explain its...
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...Dietary Supplements Summary James Johnson SCI/241 Abstract In this paper I am going to discuss and identify what are dietary supplements, some benefits of taking dietary supplements, some risks from taking dietary supplements, the government regulations surrounding dietary supplements, I will be discussing Rheumatoid arthritis and the use of an herbal supplement to treat it called cat’s claw. What are Dietary Supplements? Dietary supplements in the United States are classified as substances that you consume by the way of eating or drinking them. Dietary supplements can be herbal, vitamins, minerals, or amino acids, or even a part of all of these substances. Some benefits of taking these dietary supplements are boosting energy, losing weight, stress, heart health, liver health, and even to reduce wrinkles. These are just a few benefits of taking supplements, there are experts that say that there are places in our diet that has a definite need for supplements, but there primary goal is to fill in the gaps that we lose as nutrients. There are risks that are involved with taking dietary supplements and people need to pay close attention when taking to many supplements. Like all drugs there are side effects, Exposures to supplements (such as vitamins, herbs, protein powders, and botanicals) accounted for more than 35,000 calls to US poison control centers in 2011. Of these calls, more than 4,000 people were reportedly treated in health care facilities. More than 800 cases...
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...MJ Bottom of Form Abstract PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review of the cognitive status following stroke and vascular cognitive impairment starts by questioning the concept of vascular dementia and related concepts. Our position is that in many cases these labels promote a superficial conceptualization of an inherently complex and heterogeneous phenomenon hampering a more detailed understanding. RECENT FINDINGS: After stroke or disease of the cerebral vasculature, the cognitive and emotional outcome is dependent on a combination of three factors with the relative importance differing between causes. First, focal damage may lead to selective impairments that are dependent on the localization of the (grey matter) lesion. Second, diffuse neuronal dysfunction produces a more uniform profile of a decrease in mental speed, memory problems, and reduced executive functioning. Third, cognitive outcome is further modulated - notably in terms of severity - by patient variables such as age, sex, premorbid level of functioning, and comorbidity (e.g. hypertension). SUMMARY: The complex character of the cognitive repercussions of stroke can be better harnessed by employing modern neuropsychological assessment procedures. This allows both a detailed categorization of the patients for the selection and effectiveness of therapeutic intervention, as well as the construction of reliable prognostic models. MeSH Brain; Causality; Cerebrovascular Accident; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Dementia, Vascular;...
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