...Hodgkin Disease is malignant but often curable disease of lymphatic tissues that causes painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. It is also called Hodgkin Lymphoma and it is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes (American Cancer Society, 2015). The lymphatic system is the system in the body that is responsible for fighting off infections and keeping you healthy. It's made up of your tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, and chains of lymph nodes (Nemours, 2015). Although many types of cancer can spread to the lymph system, lymphoma actually begins in the cells of the lymph system itself (Nemours, 2015). No one really knows what causes Hodgkin lymphoma, but there is a slightly increased risk among family members of people who have the disease (Nemours, 2015). Because lymphoid tissue is in many parts of the body, Hodgkin disease can start almost anywhere (American Cancer Society, 2015). Most often it starts in lymph nodes in the upper part of the body but he most common sites are in the chest, in the neck, or under the arms (American Cancer Society, 2015). Hodgkin disease most often spreads through the lymph vessels in a stepwise fashion from lymph node to lymph node, and late in the disease, it can invade the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body, including the liver, lungs, and/or bone marrow (American Cancer Society, 2015). The two main types of Hodgkin Disease are Classic Hodgkin disease and Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin...
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...Describe the Lymphatic system and it’s interdependence with the blood system The lymphatic system is a secondary circulatory system made up of a network of vessels which transport a fluid called lymph through a series of filtering stations called nodes. Before it returns to the veinous system It has a population of white blood cells in the nodes that deals with bacteria in a number of ways. The principle function is to patrol and protect the body from infection. The lymphatic system also picks up most of the fats from the digestive system and returns them to various organs. It also transports excess interstitial fluid. The system starts with the capillaries which are blind ended are more permeable than blood capillaries. The lymph then moves into larger lymph vessels where lymph nodes are located. In these nodes the lymph is processed by T and B lymphocytes and phagocytes. The pressure of the lymphatic system is lower than the blood system so the lower limbs use valves and the skeletal muscles as a pump. The lymphatic system consists of nodes a. Popliteal, behind the knew b. Inguinal, in the groin c. Supratrochlear at the elbows d. Cervical, in the neck It also includes the main duct, a short duct and the cysterna chyli. Tissues outside of the vessel network include the spleen, thymus, tonsils, appendix and Peyers patches. The spleen is located behind the stomach tucked into the bottom of the thoracic cage on the left of the body. It is an organ made...
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...Chapter.20 Lymphatic System & lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphatic System: returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back into the blood 3 Parts: Network of lymphatic vessels Lymph = fluid contained in those vessels Lymph nodes - cleanse the lymph as it passes through them Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which lymph fluid flows only towards the heart. when fluid pressure is greater then the pressure n the lymphatic capillary it will be drained toward the heart. order questions? how does it flow from the lymphatic capillaries to the heart? or opposite way around. The cistern chill collects lymph from the 2 larger lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs & form the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. Lymphoid Organs & Tissues: provide the structural basis of the immune system -House phagocytic cells & lymphocytes which play roles in the body defines mechanisms & resistance to disease. Ex- Spleen Lymphatic Capillaries: Weave btwn the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose CT of the body these vessels to be EXTREMELY permeable due to mini-valves. Lymphatic Trunks: drain large areas of the body, named for the regions which they drain lymph Lymphatic Ducts: R Lymphatic Duct -drains lymph from R upper limb & right side of head and thorax 2) Thoracic Duct much larger b/c receives lymph from the rest of the body Lymph Transport: Lymphatic vessels are low-pressure conduits...
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...The diagram above explains the fact that the lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and plays three major roles which may include the removal of excess fluids including red blood cells from the body, absorption of fatty acids as well as helping to transfer fatty substances and chyle to the circulatory system. And, it helps in the production of lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells which help to strengthen our immune system against any invaders that make us sick. Like the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is made up of vessels. Although, it lacks a heart that pumps blood such as what is obtainable in the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system has got lymph which is produced as blood plasma that is discharged from the capillaries of the circulatory system via skeletal muscle contraction. The lymphatic system has also got valves and lymph nodes to prevent backflow. Information contained in my class notes point to the fact that lymph nodes can only be found at...
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...Gross Anatomy of the Lymphatic System Rather than describing the lymphatic system as an organ, it is better understood as a complex system which includes capillaries, vessels, cells, organs, ducts, lymph nodes and valves which all contribute to linking different structures together in order to transport excess fluid from the body tissues to the bloodstream and permeate pathogens from the blood (2, 3). Figure 2. Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels form a major element of the lymphatic system and are extensively distributed in most areas of the body excluding the central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, eyeball and avascular tissues such as cartilage (1,3) as illustrated in Figure 1. The lymphatic vessels themselves initiate as lymphatic...
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...Lymphatic/Immune System Unit Performance Assessment Your written work should contain 3 sections: 1. 2. 3. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. Student work includes a detailed description of all of the structures of the lymphatic system (including lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship...
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...Introduction A system is made up of different tissues and organs working together to perform a specific function in the body. Skeletal system: Skeletal system is the system of bones, associated cartilages and joints of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton:...
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...4/16/2015 Disorders and Diseases affecting the Lymphatic System Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most commonly occurring blood related malignancy effecting the lymphatic system. It is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, and its incidence is on the rise, since the early 1970's, incidence rates for NHL have nearly doubled. Of the nearly 500,000 Americans with lymphoma, approximately 332,000 have this form. Over 65,000 cases of NHL are diagnosed annually in the United States. (www.LYMPHOMA. Org 2015, n.d.) Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow abnormally. The body has two main types of lymphocytes that can develop into lymphomas: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells). Cancerous lymphocytes can travel to many parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs, and can accumulate to form tumors. The two main forms of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not a single disease, but a group of several closely related cancers. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 61 types of NHL. (www.LYMPHOMA. Org 2015, n.d.) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are broadly divided into two major groups: B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal B-lymphocytes and account for 85 percent of all NHLs. T-cell lymphomas develop from abnormal T-lymphocytes and account...
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...Elephantiasis is a condition characterized by gross enlargement of an area of the body, especially the limbs and occasionally the external genitals. Elephantiasis is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system, which results in the accumulation of a fluid called lymph in the affected areas. Elephantiasis is also known as Lymphatic Filariasis. In areas where Filariasis (infectious, tropical disease caused by roundworms) is epidemic, Elephantiasis is most common. The Lymphatic System is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwatend materials. The primary function of the Lymphatic System is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fihgting white blood cells throughout the body. It consists of a network of tubular channels (lymph vessels) that drain lymph from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. When obstruction occurs, these vessels swell massively, causing gross enlargement, also known as Elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is also a chronic infectious condition that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is a very rare disorder, and is most common in tropical countries. Elephantiasis most frequently involves the lower extremities of the body and the scrotum. The most common affected area on the body is the legs. It can also affect the arms, the breasts, the scrotum, the penis and the vulva. Elephantiasis gets its name from the obvious appearance of the skin of the legs which resembles the hide of an elephant...
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...The Process The specifically calibrated red light is going through the skin and causes the fat cell to open. It then causes the contents of the fat cell to slowly drain out into the lymphatic system and its contents are then processed through the liver. Whatever the system does not use for energy, it will then send the contents of the fat cells to the digestive system to process and eliminate through the bodily waste when you go to the bathroom. The liver is what processes alcohol, regular medications, caffeine etc. If someone has had alcohol within the last 3 days, the liver will be working on the alcohol, meds, or caffeine before it works on the contents of the fat cells trying to drain o If the liver is backed up contents will have to wait to be processed and will cause a temporary bloating effect that will normally go down with in the next 24 to 72 hours. (That’s how inches can go up) o If someone has not had alcohol, meds or caffeine or if they have a highly functioning liver, lymphatic system, and digestive system, we can visually see and measure a change as the contents of the fats cells drain into the inner lymphatic system. (That’s how inches can go down) Someone will not actually “feel the difference” in density until they have actually eliminated (by going to the bathroom) what is draining out the fat cells. That is why they do not feel different after getting off of the table (they need to eliminate) Now that the process has been...
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...their functions The four basic human body structures and their units are as follows – • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems Cells A cell is the simplest and smallest unit of the human body. They can live independently and can also reproduce themselves. Cells exist in a variety of shapes and sizes including elongated, oval and square. Cells have many different functions. A group of cells is called a tissue. The study of the structure, and the form of cells and tissues is called histology. Joanne Thomas NC26585 Assignment 1 Page 2 Tissues Tissue is a group/organization of a number of similar cells, not all are identical, but all are from the same origin. They carry out a similar function, of which consists of a varying amount of non-living and intercellular substances. There are four main types of tissues – Epithelial tissue This is widespread throughout the body. They form the covering to all the body surfaces and is the main tissue found in glands. This tissue performs a variety of functions including protection, secretion, absorption, filtration and sensory receptors. Connective tissue This binds structures together and provides a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole. It also acts as a transport system to carry substances around the body, and it also helps to store flat. It helps to protect the body against disease and helps repair tissue damage...
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...Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic vessels • MICROFILARIAE - produced by mated adults and found in host bloodstream, when acquired by mosquito develop into infectious larvae The Lymphatic System • System of vessels that drain lymph fluid from the tissues • Delivers antigen to lymph nodes • Eventually lymph is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct 4 Life Cycle of Lymphatic Filariae larvae...
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...Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis – Onchocerca volvulus - river blindness – Loa loa - loaiasis 1 Today’s Lecture •Taxonomy •Lymphatic Filariae •Nonlymphatic Filariae •Disease •Diagnosis, Treatment, & Control KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS/SPECIES Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi ANIMALIA NEMATODA RHABDITAE SPIRURIDA ONCHOCERCIDAE Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa (Dirofilaria immitis) NONLYMPHATIC LYMPHATIC 2 Lymphatic Filariae • Wuchereria bancrofti – Approximately 600 million individuals are exposed with at least 80 million currently infected. – disease caused often referred to as Bancroftian filariasis. – occurs throughout the tropics, especially in Africa, South America, India, and Southeast Asia – has also been found in parts of Europe, Nile Valley and Australia • Brugia malayi – limited mostly to parts of India and Southeast Asia – infects probably less than 10 million The Global Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis 3 Major Life Cycle Stages • INFECTIOUS LARVAE - transmitted to humans by mosquito bites • ADULT WORM - develop from larvae, reside in the lymphatic vessels • MICROFILARIAE - produced by mated adults and found in host bloodstream, when acquired by mosquito develop into infectious larvae The Lymphatic System • System of vessels that drain lymph fluid from the tissues • Delivers antigen to lymph nodes • Eventually lymph is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct 4 Life Cycle of Lymphatic Filariae larvae...
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...The fat cells that are under the skin are connected to the skin with the help of a layer called 'septa', which is fibrous in nature. This layer forms a wall between the fat cells and the skin. But when this layer beaks down, the fat cells which expand, do so directly against the skin, so that there is no layer between the two. Due to this the skin develops pits and valleys, and resembles an orange peel, or cottage cheese, or has a dimpled appearance. The appearance of cellulite is different in men and women, but the difference is not very significant. Causes of Cellulite The causes of cellulite in men and women differ. In women, the hormonal changes during menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, etc., which regulate the flow of blood, lymphatic drainage and fat, are mainly responsible for the formation of cellulite. Birth control pills, also cause a change in the hormones of a woman's body, so that can also lead to formation of cellulite. The hormones also control the tissues and fat to some extent. If the hormonal balance in the body is skewed, then this can cause a reduction in the thickness in the tissue, causing the cellulite to become more visible on the skin. Besides hormones, the genetic make up, lifestyle, race, gender, and age of the...
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...Disorders and Diseases Affecting the Lymphatic System Brittany Drake ITT Technical Institute Disorders and Diseases Affecting the Lymphatic System Filarises is a parasitic disease that is caused by a worm so tiny it can only be viewed by a microscope. The body’s lymph system is responsible for maintaining the body’s balance of fluid as well as fight infections. Filarises is spread from person to person via mosquito bites. When an infected person with filarises is bitten by a mosquito the circulating worms from inside the infected persons blood enters the mosquito and carried to another person that is bit by the same mosquito. Once the person is bitten by the mosquito the worms travel to the lymph vessels. Once the worms reach the lymph vessels they mature into adults and live for five to seven years. Repeat mosquito bites over several months are needed to get filariases. This diseases is most common in tropical or subtropical areas. This infection will show up on a blood test as most that suffer from this disease are asymptomatic. Some people may develop lymphedema. Fluid collection and swelling is a result of the improper functioning of the lymph system. Usually this takes place in the legs however the genitalia, arms and breasts can be affected as well. People affected with this disease will have more bacterial infections in the skin as well as the lymph system. Hardening and thickening of the skin develops. This is known as elephantiasis. Men can develop hydrocele...
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