...The welfare, intended as the set of measures and policies devoted to ensure minimum quality life standards to individuals, is normally associated to the state insomuch reference is generally made to “welfare state”. The welfare state is based on ethical ideals: it is created in the name of social justice, to implement the fundamental rights and freedoms of human beings (as developed from time to time in the various cultures). Stuart White wants to clarify in the Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State, the main ethical arguments, which are inherent in the creation of the welfare state. First of all a process for the achievement of the basic needs of the citizens (questionable what are the basic needs), latterly equality, seen as same opportunities without racial or social influence, and lastly liberty, conceived as ‘negative’ liberty of coercive ‘redistribution’ in order to achieve a moral and social congruence between all the individuals. However, welfare state, even if based on ethic-philosophical findings, has many implications and effects in the economic field. As Briggs (1961) argued, the welfare state is an organization whose purpose is to modify the market forces in at least three directions: (I) ensure to the individuals and to the families minimum incomes; (II) decrease the level of insecurity; and (III) assure the best standard available of social services (Cittadini 2015). ***** Modern concept...
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...7/27/2010 ADS 505 Local Government Local Government: Chapter 3 Typology of Local Governments Typology of Local Governments o Patronage Patronage Model The Patronage Model refers to political patronage, used in certain countries, where state resources are used to reward electoral support of certain individuals. While Whil some patronage systems are legal, others t t l l th may attribute this to corruption or favoritism in which a party in power rewards groups, families, ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal gifts or fraudulently-awarded appointments or government contracts. Model o Economic Development Model o Welfare State Model Patronage Model Political leaders often have a great deal of patronage at their disposal Patronage is recognized as a power of the e ecut ve branch. executive b a c . In most countries, the ost cou t es, t e executive has the right to make many appointments. Patronage Model In some democracies, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the legislature. In other countries, such as those using the Westminster system, g y this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes (nepotism and cronyism). 1 7/27/2010 Patronage Model Low level political patronage, when not entangled in financial means, is not inherently unseemly. In the United States, t e U.S. Co st tut o t e U te the Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to...
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...gone from being a ‘big’ state in years between 1945 – 1970, to a state which gives minimal state support in the years between 1980 and 1990 and an enabling state from the years 1997 -2010. The welfare state is a social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, as in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security. A social policy is simply a proposal or an initiative that is put into practise by a political party or a government that relates to any area of social life, and in this case the family. One policy the government introduced was the welfare state. The welfare state was introduced by Attlee’s government after their election victory in 1945, in response to the Beveridge Report of 1942. Beverigde was a British economist and social reformer who were closely associated with the development of the welfare state. The welfare state was created by the labour government to end poverty and look after everyone from the ‘cradle to grave’. The main parts of the welfare state included NHS, child benefits, job seekers allowance, and pensioners for elderly, education, state housing etc. The government’s purpose was to actively intervene in order to bring about certain outcomes. They wanted to take tax money from workers and spend that money on services such as the NHS and education which are useful to the family and society. The phrase ‘welfare from the cradle to the grave’ proposed that all worthy people should pay...
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...Erosion of the Welfare State Since 1979 Works Cited Not Included In this essay I will attempt to examine if and by how much the welfare state has been eroded since 1979. Due to length limitations I will have to oversimplify topics covered. However I will explore issues in a coherent frame work to scrutinize the continuity of the ‘classic welfare state, (Powell 1998). Many political theorists have debated the birth of the welfare state. Poor Law which can be dated back to the 14th century (Labourers Act) maybe considered the first step in a long journey to become what we recognise as the welfare state today (Midwinter1994, Jones 2000). However others classify the beginning of the Classic welfare state by the report written by William Beverage (1942) which identified ‘five giants’ of social disorder; want, idleness, squalor, disease and ignorance. The main focus of the solution was flat-rate contributions as well as flat-rate cash benefits, (Titmuss 1950; Hennessy 1992; Powell 1998). Drawing from these two points of view the foundation of the classic welfare state I will take the latter (Five Giants) as most credible, as most of the major features of the welfare state were initiated by the Labour and Conservative governments (Labour’s landslide victory of the conservations after World War two) from this point, such as the planned, approved and implemented universal non-selective NHS 1948. As we now have a beginning context we must explore when the erosion...
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...The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy* Lisa B. Kahn Yale School of Management First Draft: March, 2003 Current Draft: August 13, 2009 Abstract This paper studies the labor market experiences of white male college graduates as a function of economic conditions at time of college graduation. I use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose respondents graduated from college between 1979 and 1989. I estimate the e¤ects of both national and state economic conditions at time of college graduation on labor market outcomes for the …rst two decades of a career. Because timing and location of college graduation could potentially be a¤ected by economic conditions, I also instrument for the college unemployment rate using year of birth (state of residence at an early age for the state analysis). I …nd large, negative wage e¤ects to graduating in a worse economy which persist for the entire period studied. I also …nd that cohorts who graduate in worse national economies are in lower level occupations, have slightly higher tenure and higher educational attainment, I am grateful for helpful comments from George Baker, Dan Benjamin, James Heckman, Caroline Hoxby, Larry Katz, Kevin Lang, Fabian Lange, Steve Levitt, Derek Neal, Chris Nosko, Emily Oster, Yona Rubenstein, Hugo Sonnenschein, Mike Waldman and seminar participants at Harvard University, the University of Chicago, Yale University, and the Midwest Economic Association 2003...
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...came under government direction. By 1945,83% of Britain's public expenditure was on military and defence requirements with the country also having to pay for war camage caused by aerial bombing and the loss of a signifificant part of the merchant naby. Britian had built up a 13£billion debt. World War II has also huge impacts on the society. There was the rationing,policies changes,Air Raid Precautions,a rose of the employment of the women... In 1942 a man called William Beveridge was asked by the wartime government to conduct a study into social problems in Britain at the time. The Beveridge Report (as it became known) was the basis for setting up the welfare state. The Beveridge Report identified five major problems in Britain. They became known as the ‘Five Giants’ and were: - Ignorance (lack of education);- Disease (poor health); - Squalor (poor housing); -Want (poverty) and - Idleness (unemployment) Even before Labour’s election in 1945, the wartime govrnment accepted the conclusions of the Beveridge Report. They began to put in places some changes. However it was the election of Labour...
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...American University of Science and Technology Faculty of Business and Economics Graduate Program (MBA) ECO 500- Managerial Economics Unemployment in Lebanon Case Study 2015 Instructor’s name: Dr. Hamdar Student’s name: Ola Al Zein Date: 1/6/2015 Unemployment in Lebanon Case Study Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Study area 2.2 Objective 2.3 Problem Statement 3.0 Review 4.0 Methodologies 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Data 4.3 Figures 4.4Small Case Study and analysis of the methodology part 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 Summary 7.0 Recommendations 8.0 References Abstract This case was conducted during May 2015. It is concerned with the unemployment dilemma in Lebanon that youth are especially facing. It studies the problem from different sides including the migration of the Syrian refugees to Lebanon, the instable political situation, the down economic situation and passes briefly through the stopped plans of exploring gas and oil in Lebanon. It takes into consideration the real situation of unemployment in Lebanon, its reasons and of course; recommendations for the betterment of this particular situation. Introduction: Study Area “ Global job crisis” is perhaps the best word to start with this case study, as the situation was seen by the International Labor Organization in their “World of Work Report 2014:...
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...Critically discuss the Beveridge Report in shaping the Immediate Post 1945 Welfare State. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was introduced. The Amendment Act was aimed at ensuring the poor and needy had homes, food and clothing. Homes, food and clothing where provided in return for labour in the work houses, adults and children worked for several hours in the day. The children did receive education in the work houses, in return for their labour. The aim was that the outcome of being unable to support yourself or family was so harsh and severe, that it would stop anyone from wishing to enter (The National Archives, 2014: 1). The Second World War saw a shift from the Poor Law to the Welfare State through the Beveridge Report. “No one, not even Beveridge himself, ever planned the Welfare State, nor has it been a direct outcome of any political or social philosophy”, (Bruce, 1961: 13). “It has been in fact no more than the accumulation over many years of remedies to specific problems which in the end have reached such proportions as to create a new conception of governmental responsibility”, (Bruce, 1961: 13).” The Beveridge Report of 1942 was the culmination of a review of the whole of social security provision in Britain commissioned by the Wartime National Government”, (Alcock, 1987: 51). The Wartime National Government only set out to tidy Britain up, not to make the huge changes Beveridge reported were required. Beveridge found that Britain had five giant evils to slay...
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...This unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered one of the highest in the world next to Greece. The labour market in Spain offers little to no security in jobThis unemployment rate is considered...
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...Good morning ladies and gentlemen, I’ve been chosen by the ‘young Australian women association’ to deliver a speech. I’ll be talking to you about the poem ‘orb spider’ by Judith Beveridge, and the film ‘not without my daughter’ directed by Brian Gilbert and produced by Harry J Ufland, through a variety of techniques these composers have represented women in many ways, and I’ll be talking about it to all of you present here today. The poem ‘orb spider’ by Judith Beveridge, she connects her own feelings through watching the spider, usually spiders are associated with being scary/hairy etc. The spider goes about being un-noticed, like many mothers and emphasising the importance of every day female energy, in reminding us of the balance sense of order in the world. “I saw her, pegging out her web” the metaphoric or symbolic representation, she refers to the spiders to every day representation of women like pegging out the washing, “this as pressed flowers in the bleaching light”, the simile used as pressing flowers in a relation to women’s everyday life by ironing or pressing the clothes or by organising meals. “She taught me to love the smallest transit”. The poet has learnt from the spider to love and appreciate the small things in life. As we can see in this poem the domestic settings (housewife duties) portrays the stereotype of representation of women as housewives in our society today. Over the centuries or since the beginning of time, women have been oppressed and...
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...Uni Name | Youth Labour Segmented Market Theories | Essay | | Client Name | @XXXXXXXX | | Contents Introduction 2 Segmentation of the Labour Market 3 Theories about Segmented Labour Markets 3 The Dual Labour Market Theory 6 Summary 9 References 10 Introduction The behaviour and life experiences of young people have vastly evolved throughout the past few decades. These changes impact on their relationships between family and friends, their experience of the job market, as well as the educational system and of course, their ability to establish themselves as an individual. According to Furlong and Cartmel (1997), many of these changes are due to the structural changes in the job/labour market. Further, the social organisation of taking different career paths in life has been replaced with more discrete variation (Haaland, 1991). Making that shift from school life to working life tend to be less determined, more flexible, and above all daunting (Ellingsæter, 1995). Beck (1997) and Giddens (1991) claim that the terms “individualisation” and “risk” are often associated with younger people’s behaviour and conditions within a labour society. Individualisation denotes the traditional social groups or segments that are of importance like gender, ethnicity and class are branded as being fragmented and somewhat less important (Pollock, 1997). Though, Furlong and Cartmel (1997) argue that these social structures are of importance and that...
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...NAME: _______________________________________ CASE 8: Research In Motion: Managing Explosive Growth 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION |Timeframe |Country(s) Involved |Key Individuals & Titles |Company Type & Size | | | | | | 2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF CASE SITUATION |Business or Industry Description |Particular Company Situation | 3. INDUSTRY AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS |Dominant Economic Characteristics |Strategic Group MAP | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...the right hair, and covering nothing up but your crotch area. This interprets sexuality. The same goes for women. typical images for women are a big chest, a big behind, slim waist, long legs, skinny, oh and flawless. The stereotypes these advertisements perpetuate are that men are supposed to be taller, bigger, heartless, and tough. As for women, they have to be smaller, looked down upon, and even always being innocent. When it comes to race, a white boy has control over the white girl. But when it's a black boy and a white girl, the girl has the control. Go figure that race would have a part in advertisement. Another way race is involved in this is when it comes to colored women, they're seen as animals. They would dress up the colored models into an animal such as a tiger and have her pose as...
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...comparison between model in the past and the present, and how models become more restraints than before. Also we will talk about the advantage of using models and how they can make our life much easy. Models have evolved since the beginning of the century. There are many kinds of models for almost any system or item that exist. Each model uses short, long, simple or complex mathematics formula it depends of which case the models solve. However the models that are used in these recent years are very complex and have many numerous computations which make the only one that can handle it is the computer. These kinds of models are usually use in a wide variety of tasks, such as prevision of the decision made, and an effective answer to everyday problems. During time, models start to be more restraints than before. These kinds of restraints should have value or weight to make a model compatible with the case that model solve. There are several constraints or restraints in each models, one of the most important one is budget of the project. In other words the more wherewithal, the more model accuracy. Mark P. McDonald ( December 8, 2010). To use complex mathematical formula in the models it requires an educated staffs with a good knowledge of model branch, which make the model more expensive and take more time to solve it, comparing with computer time and cost. However the need of special educated persons is strictly required to conclude if the models created by computer...
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...superior performance in a given job, role, or situation.Competency modeling is the activity of determining the specific competencies that are characteristic of high performance and success in a given job. Competency modeling can be applied to a variety of human resource activities. This research paper will describe how organizations identify their core competencies and how they are applying this competency data to improve performance. It will also explain some emerging trends in competency modeling. Developing Competency Models Competencies enable employees to achieve results, thereby creating value. It follows that competencies aligned with business objectives help foster an organization's success. Organizations must understand their core competency needs - the skills, knowledge, behaviors, and abilities that are necessary for people in key roles to deliver business results.According to Boulter, et al (1998), there are six stages involved in defining a competency model for a given job role. These stages are: 1. Performance criteria - Defining the criteria for superior performance in the role. 2. Criterion sample - Choosing a sample of people performing the role for data collection. 3. Data collection - Collecting sample data about behaviors that lead to success. 4. Data analysis - Developing hypotheses about the competencies of outstanding performers and how these competencies work together to produce desired...
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