...obvious as the answer to this question may seem, variations in culture and over time are dramatic. People in modern Western societies have a widely held, unquestioned belief that children are fundamentally different from adults. We take for granted that children areóand have always beenóinnocent and entitled to nurturing and protection. However, in other cultures (for example, Japan) children are viewed as much more independent creatures who can act willfully from the earliest moments of life.1 We tend to base our Western beliefs about the nature of childhood on biological considerations. Young children are thoroughly dependent on adults for their survival. Infants cannot feed themselves or take care of themselves in any way. A 10-month-old child, left on its own, will surely die within days. A human may remain dependent on his or her parents for several decades. By contrast, other animal babies are much more self-sufficient. A newborn horse, for example, is able to gallop around when it is only a few minutes old. To us, then, laws protecting innocent and defenseless children from dangers like exploitation at work, pornography, neglect, and abuse make sense. It seems inconceivable to us that the protection of innocent children is not a fundamental value in all societies, present and past. But as you will see, childhood is not simply a biological stage of development. Rather it is a social category that emerges from the attitudes, beliefs, and values of particular societies at...
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...motivation and unique identities. These motivations affected the colonies in every way, including economically, socially, and politically. The Chesapeake and New England attracted different types of settlers and, by 1700, the populations differed enormously. Clearly the Chesapeake and the New England regions did differ in numerous ways. These differences included population, religion, and economy. But also the differences were on a wide-scale range involving almost every aspect of the society, they all sprouted from one initial difference between the two: the very reason the colonists came. Life in colonial America was difficult for all, but more so for some than others. While some colonists struggled to scrape by, some managed to live well and be happy. It is very apparent that health, family, and growth helped New England to be more prosperous and a more enjoyable place to live than in its southern neighbor, Chesapeake Bay. History has proven that these factors have a major effect on the quality of life for people, and this instance is no exception. New England New England was north of the Chesapeake, and included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven. In Puritan New England, a patriarchal conception of family life began to break down as early as the 1670s, Few institutions competed with a father's authority. Despite laws requiring the establishment of schools, most children were educated informally, and while older children were...
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...The History of Organized Labor Where and When it all Began? Sheila Thorn Introduction to Business Management 101 Frank Dumas February 28, 2008 The History of Organized Labor Where and When it all Began? Thesis Statement: My paper will address the history of organized labor by first exploring what exactly organized labor is. It will explain how it all got started and by whom. It will then look at who benefits from organized labor and what has happened to the work force since it was organized. Finally, try to figure out if organized labor will continue to be the norm in the 21st century. Support: 1. What exactly is organized labor? 2. How did it all get started? 3. Who benefits from organized labor? 4. What has happened to the work force since organized labor? 5. Will organized labor continue to be the norm in the 21st century work force? Conclusion: Organized labor was started from a grass root action from people that wanted to make a difference. It has come a long way since the days of child labor in the coal mines in the Appalachian Mountains and the colonial frontier. Our ancestors etched out a plan for the work force without even realizing how huge it would become in its finest “hour.” Today’s work force continues to benefit from the days of yester years to a certain degree. But then on the other hand organized labor unions will never be the way they were...
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...they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage to consolidate its dominant position through free trade until the late Victorian period when its technological innovations spread to its competitors. While he agrees that the political, cultural and scientific context of British industrialization was important to its primacy, his approach does not claim, as many interpretations have, that British, and later European and American,...
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...The Industrial Revolution began in England in the eighteenth century (“Industrial Revolution 1), but previously there was an agricultural revolution that led up to this era. At this time, the country was covered with mostly small farms that were run by village farmers. Be that as it may, wealthy landowners (considered “scientific farmers”) bought almost all of the land these farmers had worked on forcing them to become tenant farmers or move to the cities to find jobs, but with the land they acquired, huge discoveries were made concerning the industry of farming. The landowners had enclosed each of their own piece of land using hedges or fences. They developed new seeding and harvesting methods while also being able to cultivate more crops...
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...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...
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...the workplace. Social Movements From the beginning of this nation women did not have the same rights as men and were considered to be more of a second class citizen. In the early years of this nation, women along with minorities were considered the property of men. Women were not permitted to be educated in most cases, did not count as a citizen, could not vote, could not own anything, could not enter into contracts, obtain credit, work without her father or husband’s permission and could not even receive a paycheck in her own name. Social movements have made great impacts on gender roles in society throughout history. From social movements in the beginning of this nations’ history such as women and education from the late 1700’s to the early 1900’s where women were generally not permitted or very limited in attending schools and colleges to obtain higher levels of education; to more current and continuous movements such as equal rights movements. For example, 2001 was the first time women were permitted to pilot combat missions in the war on terrorism that has helped to shape...
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...The Haitian Diaspora in the Bahamas By Ria N.M. Treco Florida International University Department of International Relations April 17, 2002 Introduction Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with about 80% of the Haitian population living in abject poverty [1]. Many factors contribute to the economic status of this country including: lack of proper education, overpopulation, environmental problems, and subsequent lack of jobs. All of these factors must be pointed out in order for one to fully understand the reasons for the mass migration that is taking place from Haiti into other countries of the world and more specifically into the Bahamas. Haiti has one of the lowest adult literacy rates in the world with only 48.8% of the total population above age 15 being able to read and write simple sentences. According to the Human Development Report, Haiti ranks 134 out of 162 countries for the adult literacy rate. Furthermore, Oxfam International ranks only four countries in the world lower than Haiti for the availability of basic education for its people. There is inadequate healthcare in Haiti as well. In 1999, the US Agency for International Development in Haiti implemented new programs to make Haitians aware of family planning, however, only half the population of Haiti has access to these facilities. This is closely related to the problem of overpopulation in Haiti. Haiti is one of the most densely populated countries of the Western Hemisphere with upwards of...
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...Global Journal of Human Resource Management Vol.3, No.3, pp.58-73, May 2015 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) HISTORY, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE Kipkemboi Jacob Rotich1, Moi University, School of Human Resource Development, Department of Development Studies, P.o Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. ABSTRACT: Various attempts have been made towards tracing the historical development of the discipline of Human Resource Management (HRM). However, these initiatives have largely been concentrated on certain specific periods of time and experiences of specific countries and regions such as Australia, the USA, the UK and Asia (Nankervis et.al, 2011; Kelly, 2003; Ogier, 2003). This paper attempts to document the entire history of the discipline of Human Resource Management from a holistic perspective. The evolution and development of HRM will be traced right from the pre-historic times through to the postmodern world. Major characteristics in the evolution and development of HRM will also be examined and documented. KEYWORDS: Human Resource Management (HRM), evolution, history INTRODUCTION Defining Human Resource Management (HRM) According to Armstrong (2006) Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively...
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...reading quizzes, vocabulary quizzes, essays, and the unit test on January ___, 2010 You must complete ALL of the pages in the workbook by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole packet. Unit 4 Vocabulary Terms Quiz #1 1. Scientific Revolution (p. 410) 2. heliocentrism (p. 410) 3. sacrament (p. 396) 4. Renaissance (p. 405) 5. bourgeoisie (p. 413) 6. republic (p. 422) 7. Protestant Reformation (p. 406) 8. Jesuit (p. 409) 9. joint-stock companies (p. 415) 10. mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine 1450s Gutenberg’s Printing Press; Portuguese expand trade in West Africa: Benin, Kongo 1483 Babur conquered northern India, and founded the Mughal Empire 1492 Reconquista completed; Columbus claimed Americas for Spain 1498...
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...ABSTRACT “A Fair Day’s Pay for a Fair Day’s Work” was one of the mottos of the American labor movement in the 1990s, < (1990’s?) (reference: William P. Quigley, ‘A Fair Day’s Pay for a Fair Day’s Work’: Time to Raise and Index the Minimum Wage, 27 ST. MARY’S L.J. 513, 544 n.141 (1996)) but for most Americans, “fair” compensation means so much more than salary. Employee benefits play a crucial role in the American labor market, and the benefits that an organization offers employees has an immense impact on its hiring ability, turnover rate, and employee satisfaction and productivity. The rise of the tech industry created a flood of new and unique benefits that companies used to attract the best talent to come to work, specifically in an explosively expanding market. As workers nation-wide hear about the exotic and enticing benefits that organizations, like so many of these tech giants offer, some companies are responding and diversifying the benefits they offer to maintain their relevance in an evolving global economy and social climate. When one thinks of unique benefits, they might imagine the free cafes and childcare facilities that companies like Google provide. Had they read about the entire town that Facebook created for its workforce, images of free bus rides, discount employee stores, and company provided housing might come to mind. Even with unique benefits like the ever-expanding offerings of company gyms and cafeterias, West Coast organizations, such as those ever-so...
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...MarketingMarshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Management Faculty Research Management, Marketing and MIS 1-1-2001 Employee Relations Ethics and the Changing Nature of the American Workforce Chong W. Kim Marshall University, kim@marshall.edu Dennis Emmett Marshall University, demmett@marshall.edu Andrew Sikula Sr. Marshall University, sikula@marshall.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/mgmt_faculty Part of the Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics Commons, and the Labor Relations Commons Recommended Citation Kim, C.W., Emmett, D., & Sikula, A., Sr. (2001). Employee relations ethics and the changing nature of the American workforce. Ethics & Behavior, 11 (1), 23-38. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Management, Marketing and MIS at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Management Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact zhangj@marshall.edu. clash between entrepreneurship and stewardship or capitalism and spiritualism remains. The war between economics a~d ethics continues, using newer concepts as surrogates for past phrases (Rice, 1994). However, whether explained by global competition, continuous improvement, reengineering, telecommunications, virtual employees, pay-for-performance, management by objectives, management by results, Total Quality Management, or value added situations...
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...Juvenile Delinquency has emerged as a matter of concern in Bangladesh in recent times with the number of children and young people involved in "criminal activities" rising at an alarming rate. In most of the cases this is not a deliberate choice for the children. Numerous social factors coupled with poor parenting, family troubles and above all extreme poverty are pushing these children to this anti-social position. A child is born innocent and if nourished with tender care and attention, he or she will be blossom with faculties physical, mental, moral and spiritual into a person of stature and excellence. On the other hand, noxious surroundings, neglect of basic needs, bad company and other abuses and temptations would spoil the child and likely to turn him a delinquent. Therefore, expressing his concern for Child care, the noted Nobel Laureate Gabrial Mistral Long ago observed: We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our worst crime is abandoning the children, neglecting the foundation of life. Many of the things are needed can wait, the child can not, right now is the time his bones are being formed, his blood is being made and his senses are being developed. To him, we can not answer...
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...INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP (TAC), CONSULTATIVE GROUP Copyright © 2001 International Food Policy Research Institute All rights reserved. Sections of this report may be reproduced without the express permission of but with acknowledgment to the International Food Policy Research Institute. ISBN 0-89629-639-3 Foreword v Acknowledgments vi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Nature and Extent of Poverty 3 3. How Agricultural Research Can Help the Poor 9 4. Targeting Agricultural Research to Benefit the Poor 18 5. Strategies for Pro-Poor Agricultural Research 26 6. The Role of Public Research and Extension Systems 35 References 37 Contents iii Tables 1. Trends in child malnutrition in developing countries, by region, 1970–95 6 2. Distribution of land types by region 6 3. Distribution of malnourished children by agroecological zone, 1990 7 4. Comparison of low- and middle-income countries 21 5. Priorities for agricultural research to reduce national poverty by type of adopting region 24 Figures 1. Number of people living on less than $1 a day, 1987 and 1998 4 2. Those living with HIV/AIDS and those newly infected: Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa 5 3. Food price trends in Bangladesh, 1973–96 15 4. Relationships between GNP per capita and population growth, agriculture’s share in GNP, and urbanization in low- and middle-income countries 22 5. Links between property rights, collective action, and technology...
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...THE END of POVERTY Economic Possibilities for Our Time JEFFREY D. SACHS THE PENGUIN PRESS N E W YORK 2005 THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc.. 375 Hudson Street. New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 10 Alcorn Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4V 3B2 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) - Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi-110 017, India ' Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, NewZealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) - Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in 2005 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Copyright ©Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2005 All rights reserved Page 397 constitutes an extension of this copyright page, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Sachs, Jeffrey. The e n d of poverty / Jeffrey Sachs. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59420-045-9 1. Poverty—Developing countries. 2. Developing countries—Economic policy...
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