...1. Introduction The most important factor in the fate of societies and nations is command of energy. Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy policy in the European Union represents one of the core policies since the beginning of the European Integration. The treaty of Paris to establish a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or EAEC) were the first attempts to an energy cooperation within the European Community. As the size of the European Union grows (reached twenty eight member states as of March 2013), it needed more energy sources as energy plays an important role for economic development. Now the European Union is the largest importer of energy (oil and gas) in the world, and the second largest energy consumer. Therefore, member states of the EU need more secure access to energy resources. Beside the North-South and East-West energy corridors, Europe ingests the South-North corridor, connecting it with North Africa and the Middle East. In 2007 Oil and Gas Journal estimated stocks and supplies of oil at 114 billion barrel and natural gas at 13, 9 billion cubic meter. Almost one third of European imported oil comes either from the Middle East or from North-West Africa. Europe pipeline interests in the south are focused exclusively on natural gas. In 2006 Algeria delivered 16, 7% of Europe gas, and it’s considered to be the biggest third land delivers natural gas, including LNG (Liquefied Natural...
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...ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CONSTANT POWER OUTAGES ON SMES IN NIGERIA International Centre for Basic Research, 20 Limpopo Street, FHA, Abuja College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State been identified [2]. A particular finding revealed the high cost of providing back-up energy (partly infrastructural) for SMEs which sometimes is as critical as three times the cost of publicly supplied electricity [3], [4]. In Nigeria and perhaps generally, SMEs classification is done on the basis of capital investment and employed labour force while other criteria could be the annual turnover or gross output [5]. Until very recently, energy was rarely cited as one of the problems militating against the development of SMEs in Nigeria and elsewhere. This study is built on the argument that, unlike larger businesses, the establishment and operation of SMEs promotes economic development which by extension, boosts a country’s GDP number [6] (see Fig. 1). A separate study identifies this link (between SMEs and GDP) but could not establish if it is actually responsible for economic growth [7] while another study presents a decreasing link of 51%, 39% and 16% of GDP being produced by SMEs in high-income, medium income and low-income countries respectively [8]. Elsewhere, it has been confirmed that SMEs were responsible for pulling the US out of economic slump and can therefore, serve...
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...the world largest natural gas and oil exploration and Production Company. The industry was formed in 1959 as a pipeline company and continued to flourish in business until it became an oil production company in 1986. It continuously followed the trend of success up to date. It operates in southern United States, Rocky Mountains region, and Appalachian basin. Further, it is a premier deepwater producer in Mexico, and production in Algeria, Ghana, Alaska, West Africa and some parts of east Africa. According to the 2012 financial report, Anadarko delivered sales of 268 million BOE, which was an increase of 8% from 2011. By the end of 2012, the company had a reserve of 2.56 billion barrels of oil. The company is committed to safe production energy in a way that protects the environment, public health and the communities (Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, 2013). Anadarko was created in 1959 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company after the discovery of large amounts of natural gas in the Anadarko Basin, thus the company's name. Anadarko spun off from Panhandle Eastern as an independent corporation in 1986 and now has activities in more than a dozen countries. Anadarko’s NAICS code is 211111 and SIC code is 131101. Their stock symbol is APC and their stock price as of October 28th, 2013 is $96.58 per share. B) Current organizational challenges and strategies Anadarko operates in a dynamic and highly competitive market...
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... “Energy Chain”, A New Concept in Evaluating Future Energy Conservation and Greenhouse Abatement Alternatives and Effectiveness Background The energy demand and supply system consists of many kinds of energy subsystems, for example, grid network, fuel (city gas, LPG, kerosene and so on) networks, prospective fuel (hydrogen) networks and demand-side equipments such as heat pump and cogeneration. In recent years, many evaluation methods and factors have been proposed and discussions of energy policy about innovative technology are becoming more multifaceted. In addition, as a result of specialization and segmentation of engineering science, too much discussion has been centered on particular details of efficiency, rather than on the overall needs of the energy supply and demand system. Integration of these evaluations and discussions is necessary for criteria for judgment. Critical review is always necessary to ensure that prospective technologies are really energy saving and contribute to greenhouse abatement over the whole spectrum from producing energy to end-use. Objectives To introduce a new concept of “Energy Chain” from producing energy through transmission, utilization and end-use, and to propose engineering methodology and evaluation method with examples. Principal Results 1.Proposing a New Concept of Energy Chain and Evaluation Method What the energy end-user needs is “energy benefit”. This include all kinds of benefit 1 that end-users enjoy. The energy chain...
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...BIOMASS ENERGY POLICY The Policy Vision for Biomass is: To transform traditional biomass energy to modern energy in order to use the available biomass resources sustainably The policy goal for Biomass is: To increase the modern use of biomass energy from 10% to 86% of total energy consumption in Uganda by the year 2020 Table of Contents BIOMASS POLICY 4 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Biomass 5 1.1.1 Biomass energy flows 6 1.1.1.1 Forestry 6 1.1.1.2 Agriculture 7 1.1.1.2 Agricultural residues 7 1.1.1.4 Live stock 8 1.1.2 Biogas through anaerobic digestion 10 1.1.3 Biofuels for Transport by fermentation 11 1.1.4 Direct combustion for generation of electricity 12 1.1.5 Pyrolysis 12 1.1.6 Gasification 13 1.1.7 Transesterification 13 1.2 Benefits of using biomass 13 1.3 Barriers to efficient use of Biomass 14 1.4 Advantages of Biomass Energy 15 2.0 THE POLICY VISION, GOAL, PRINCIPLES, OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES AND TARGETS 17 2.1 The Policy Vision 17 2.2 The Policy Goal 17 2.3 The Key Policy Principles 17 2.4 The Policy Objectives 18 2.5 The Policy Strategies 19 2.5.1 Legal and Institutional Framework 19 2.5.2 Data Acquisition, Information Dissemination (Awareness) and Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation 20 2.5.3 Financing and Fiscal Policy 20 2.5.4 Poverty Eradication, Equitable Distribution, Social Services and Gender 21 2.5.5 Research and Development...
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...gasification process for alternative electrical energy Megaminds Alorsabes, Danlor P. | | Assistant | Beltran, Andryn Jill D. | | Hardware & Interface 2 | Calaoagan, Saulo N. | | Software 2 | Corporal, Zarah Minette T. | | Scribe 1 | Mabango, Ma. Sholly Louie Rose S. | | Logistic | Marquez, Justine Anne A. | | Leader | Masanque, Marivic | | Treasurer | Sabello, Irizz B. | | Hardware & Interface 1 | Sugay, Emmanuel Jr. M. | | Software 1 | Tria, Kim Keryll G. | | Scribe 2 | Abstract Renewable energy has been a tough challenge to everyone not only here in the Philippines but for the entire world. This dilemma basically answers a big question of how to produce an alternative energy without sacrificing the environment’s status qou. Last 2008, former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (Republic Act 9531) which seeks to promote the development of renewable energy resources and its commercialization. It aims to achieve this by providing incentives to institutions that invest in the sector. Sources of renewable energy include the sun, wind, bodies of water, organic matter and the earth’s heat. The campaign for this energy saving and energy producing with a minimal environmental effect has been a trend in today’s rampant consumption of energy generation. In relation to this, the challenge has been shared not only to those who are able to be engage in huge production of energy but also to those who are wiling to start little...
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...Energy Conservation SCI 275 Rochelle Troyano May 9, 2010 It would be hard to imagine a life without the use of energy. So many of the products that we use on a daily basis are powered because of electricity, which in turn is generated because of energy. American’s use a mixture of different energy sources to cool and heat our homes, offices and means of transportation. We also use energy sources to illuminate and power these same places. Oil has provided the United States with less than 50% of energy needs and supplies almost 97 percent of the energy used for transportation (Dale and Kluga, 1992). There are two sources of energy that we depend on: renewable and nonrenewable energy. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural sources which is constantly renewed. Some examples of renewable energy is wind, water, sun, vegetation, and geothermal. Nonrenewable energy comes from natural resources that are unable to be replenished like, fossil fuels i.e. oil, gas, and coal. Also, a large percentage of electric power that is located in the United States primarily comes from nuclear power plants. Current plants that operate possess a significantly large amount of waste disposal problems which in turn mean that there are currently no plans of building any additional nuclear power plants. A mass amount of electricity is generated because of the burning of nonrenewable energy sources. Due to this massive problem, the conservation of energy is a process we need to take more seriously...
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...currently in place or will be put in place to ensure systematic monitoring of their new sustainable practices. The EMS has recommended that the organization invest in the use of energy star rated equipment and appliances as well as use different types of alternative energy sources. The most significant barrier that Riordan manufacturing would face when implementing a different type of energy source would be cost (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). In order to set up an alternative energy source a new system needs to be put into place effecting the current infrastructure the organization already has in place—thus forcing Riordan manufacturing to make a major infrastructure/system overhaul before incorporating alternative energy sources (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). Other barriers that may occur from using alternative energy sources include noise pollution from wind energy, negative impact on fish from hydropower (water energy) and most importantly, being dependent on nature which is inconsistent (Disadvantages of Alternative Energy, 2014). The most significant barrier Riordan Manufacturing will face by switching over to energy star rated equipment and appliances are also going to be cost. Energy Star Equipment is more costly up front, but the long term energy saving benefits of Energy Star appliances far outweighs the only negative: higher initial costs (Goering, 2014). References Disadvantages of...
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...Constructing Change: Energy Efficiency and India’s Buildings Sector “The urban sprawl is creating unique challenges and opportunities related to natural ecosystems. As a result, policy makers need to think innovatively about a range of issues from land-resource planning to broader ecological and energy implications. The resulting challenges include reducing pollution, increasing biodiversity, managing peak energy demand and cost, heat-stress health implications, and ensuring an adequate supply of water and nutrients.” Radhika Khosla February 21, 2012 In 2008, for the first time ever, the urban population of the world outnumbered that of the rural. This visible trend has escalated over the last couple of decades; projections suggest that by the end of the twenty-first century, 80 percent of the world’s population will live in cities (which occupy 0.05 percent of the Earth’s surface). Rapid urbanization is creating vast opportunities through an unprecedented demand for the construction of buildings, which already account for more than 30 percent of India’s total electricity consumption. In line with expanding development, the country’s buildings sector is expected to increase five-fold from 2005 to 2050. India is at a unique crossroads where two-thirds of the commercial and high-rise residential structures that will exist in 2030 are yet to be built. Implementing energy efficiency in buildings that are being constructed in the next ten years thus presents a singular...
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...Thesis statement: Research shows that it would be beneficial for alternative energy sources to replace the use of fossil fuels, because they will provide a cleaner environment, are unlimited, and are more reliable. Annotated Bibliography Bhattacharjee, A. (2012). Everything You Need to Know About The Types of Renewable Energy. Retrieved January 23, 2016, from https://brainmass.com/ebooks/TypesOfRenewableEnergy The book gives the reader a clear and concise view of the alternative energy options. Each form of renewable energy is defined and talked about. The book discusses the history, current technology, and advantages as well as disadvantages of each form of renewable energy. The author, Anindita Bhattacha, has studied at the National Institute of Technology, Silchar, India as well as the New York Institute of Technology, USA. Her areas of specialty are earth sciences, engineering, and mathematics. Her education gives her credibility for this book. The book cites many professional and peer-reviewed articles and journals. These sources discuss the various forms of renewable energy and discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of many forms of renewable energy. These sources also discuss fossil fuel use, and how the use of these fuels impact our lives. The book will be used to discuss the relevant research on the benefits of renewable energy and how these sources are unlimited, and clean for the environment. Delavaripour, H., &...
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...Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries ICCG Think Tank Map: a worldwide observatory on climate think tanks IMPACT OF SHALE GAS PRODUCTION ON THE MARKET FUNDAMENTALS AND ENERGY SECURITY OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES Ekaterina Zelenovskaya, ICCG 1 Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries Impact of Shale Gas Production on the Market Fundamentals and Energy Security of Certain Countries Ekaterina Zelenovskaya, ICCG Abstract The world’s unconventional gas base such as tight gas, coalbed methane (CBM) and shale gas are estimated to be as abundant as conventional gas resources. The recent start of shale gas production in the North America has significantly influenced major regional gas markets around the world. This article intends to examine the impact of shale gas production to the situation with the energy markets and energy security of particular countries, such as United States and countries of Continental Europe. 2 Overview of Shale Gas Production Activities and their Impact on Regional Energy Security Shale Gas and Energy Security Energy production and use have various environmental implications since energy represents about 1 65% of global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. The general belief/opinion is that fossil fuels will remain the dominant source of primary energy in the following decades. However, natural gas, having...
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...Enpowering persistent systems | | Contents Acknowledgement 1. Introduction 2. Persistent Systems 3. Green Persistent Movement 4. Business Need 5. Creative Riot 6. Enpower – Plugging the Leak 6.1 Scope Process Flow Sources Client Agent Central Server Mathematical Model Enalytics Advantages over Windows Salient Features Technical Requirements Additional Features Enpower Results Input Documents Output Documents Input Screen Formats Output Screen Formats Reports Application Testing User Training Data Migration Implementation Method Integration with Systems Integration with Partners 6.2 Challenges 6.3 Benefits 6.4 Future 7. Bibliography Page 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 11 11 13 14 14 15 26 27 28 29 31 32 34 36 37 40 47 48 48 49 49 49 50 53 54 55 2 | | Acknowledgement We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. J.M. Shah for providing us an opportunity to work on the project „Enpowering Persistent Systems.‟ It was an extremely enriching learning and we could easily apply the concepts taught in class to our understanding. We would like to thank the library staff and the administrative staff for being extremely cooperative. 3 | | 1. Introduction The world today faces unprecedented problems due to rapid climate change which are now receiving attention from governments and businesses across the globe. As concern for climate change and sustainability continues to grow, and actions now ramp up, businesses are grappling with reducing carbon footprints while remaining...
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... ABSTRACT: “Every Watt is precious” Energy lies at the core of all economic activity & controls a country’s rate of growth and development; the type and volume of our energy usage determines our environment. In the case of the developing countries, like ours, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in the view of the ever increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. If India is to achieve the targeted growth in GDP, it would need commensurate input of energy, mainly commercial energy in the form of coal, oil, gas and electricity. However, India’s fossil fuel reserves are limited. Among the various strategies for meeting energy demand, efficient use of energy and its conservation emerges out to be the least cost option in any given strategies, apart from being environmentally benign. In our effort of writing this paper we hereby want to put forth the Scope for Energy Conservation both in Residential as well as in the Non Residential areas, ‘Energy Efficient Technologies’, their financial analysis & want to prove the fact that use of some of these new technologies and awareness of the current energy scenario can help us to save 10-30% of the energy which we use. This way we can save ourselves a good amount of money and also electricity for our country. CONTENTS: 1. IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT TO INDIAN SCENARIO 2. INITIATIVE BY GOVT. OF INDIA TOWARDS ‘ENERGY CONSERVATION’. 3. INTRODUCTION...
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...Grid Industry Introduction Current electrical grid was conceived more than a hundred years ago. With rising and ever changing energy demands of the 21st century, existing grids are under pressure to deliver efficient, reliable and sustainable supply of electricity. 21st century demand for electricity is driving the evolution of smart grid technologies. The smart grid is a “developing network of new technologies, equipment, and controls working together” to deliver electricity efficiently and reliably. (www.smartgird.gov) Its been called “electricity with a brain,” or “the energy Internet.” (www.nist.gov) Some key benefits associated with smart grids are as follows: • Efficient power transmission • Faster recovery from power disruptions or failures • Better integration with other power generation systems (e:g. renewable energy) Driving Forces and Trends Capacity- growing demand According to International Energy Agency, $6 trillion investments will be needed to satisfy the global demand between now and 20301. Boston Consulting Group predicts that by 2020 there will be 40 million electric cars in the US. This mean that a robust infrastructure is needed to charge potentially millions of batteries. This will clearly put higher demand on the electrical systems. (www.abb.com) Reliability- Reliable operation According to the US Department of Energy power outages and interruptions in the US electrical supply cost $150 billion every year. (www.nist.gov) A reliable system is needed...
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...Individual Case Pilot Response: Big Wind 1. What type of research should URS do? Urs should use exploratory research to begin her new Big Wind project (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.46). This type of research will allow her to define problems with using existing sources of energy and suggest a solution to the problem through the usage of her windmill system idea. She will be able to explain to her potential customer base the benefits associated with transitioning to her windmill system through the use of exploratory research. Once Urs has defined the problem and identified possible solutions she will be able to determine the best research plan, data collection techniques and all the other data needed. The outcome of the exploratory research will provide her with significant insight into the best way to present her idea. This initial research can be used to establish the why, how, when and any other secondary and primary data behind the adoption and implementation of her windmill system. 2. What different research methods should be required to assess the demand for farmers versus small business? Developing an alternative source of energy will benefit both farmers and small businesses because it would reduce energy costs. In order to communicate the impact of her Big Wind project, Urs needs to apply the most effective research approach to sell her idea to these target markets. By using a more qualitative approach, she can gather the data she needs from the farmers. Through focus...
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