...Development theories and their effect on Adult life Name Institution Introduction A lot of approaches have been taken so as to explain how we as human beings develop from children to adults. Many different scientists have over the years come up with certain theories within the psychological discipline to illustrate how the different stages of childhood shape a person’s adult nature. It has been proven that the environment of the various development levels of a child have a significant effect on how the child relates later as an adult, or rather the different character traits that are exhibited later in adulthood. Areas inclusive of biological, cognitive, emotion and social processes have been studied so as to come up with the different developmental processes. Two of some of the most noted developmental psychologists are Sigmund Freud and Urie Bronfenbrenner (Salkind, 2006).Sigmund Freud came up with the very controversial theory known as the Psychosexual Development Theory. He believed that there are five stages involved in the formation of someone’s personality. For one, there is the oral/dependency stage: This stage takes place in the first 18 months of an infant’s life. The child mainly uses their mouth in exploring the environment around them. Pleasure is derived from breastfeeding or feeding from a bottle and also suckling a pacifier. If too little...
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...personality that stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. The term unconscious is used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, self-awareness, and psychological growth. A view of personality that emphasizes human potential and such a uniquely human charactistics as self-awareness and free will (Cain, 2002). Humanistic psychologists also differed from psychologists theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. The humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated by the need to grow psychologically, they contended that he most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self ( Purkey and Stanley, 2002). Three areas of personality development can be the psychosexual stages, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective theory. The psychosexual stages are age-related developmental periods and each stage represents a different focus on the id’s sexual energy’s. The foundations of adult personality is established is established during the first five years of life, as the child progresses through the oral, anal, and phallic psychosexual stages. The latency stage occurs during late childhood, and the fifth...
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...sparing the rod can be damaging to establishing order in your child. As well, using the rod can affect the child’s long term mental behaviors, social norm, and the parental relationship. An article by John Fletcher titled, “Positive Parenting, not physical punishment” he addresses some of the concerns regarding corporal punishment. “Is spanking wrong? Clearly, hitting anyone in anger or when losing an argument is bad behaviour. To do this to children sets a bad example and may only teach them that violence is a means to getting their own way” (J.Fletcher 2012) By exploring the need of corporal punishment as it relates to it effect on children’s cognitive behaviors to punishment, alternative punishment methods and non-physical discipline may prove to be the best disciplinary method for children today. According to Miriam Websters Dictionary, corporal punishment as it pertains to children is defined as “punishment administered by an adult (as a parent or a teacher) to the body of a child ranging in severity from a slap to a spanking.” (M. Webster n.d.) Corporal punishment as it relates to children is sometimes administered in a school setting by administrators or teachers, however most corporal punishment is administered at home by a parent, guardian or other relative. Typically the discipline is given in the form of a spanking or whipping; sometimes discipline is given in the form of smacking or slapping the child. This type of discipline, although it has possibly shown positive...
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...relationship to adult neurotic behavior. Having done this I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of these essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive (or instinct>another theory to be debated) for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages in life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. What Freud meant by sexual in his own writing in German, was ‘life force’ or ‘emotional energy’ (Bettelheim 1983). While this concept has a sexual aspect to it, it is unfortunate that the English translation focuses mainly on this aspect. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire). He asserted that sexuality is more than just a genital copulation between adults and this work is the background to his theory on infantile sexuality. He emphasized particular erogenous zones as...
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...Lucinda Rossouw P.O. Box 66037 Riebeeckstad 9469 Student number: 42515270 Module code: EDPHOD8 Assignment 01 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. EVALUATION AND PLANNING 2 1.1. The effects of a traumatic experience 2 1.2. Observation of effects 3 1.2.1. Effects of a poor stepparent relationship and/or signs of abuse 3 1.2.2. Possible signs of racism 3 1.3. Possible effects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs on James's behaviour 4 2. COUNSELLING FOR JAMES 5 2.1. Counselling and support for learning problems 5 2.2. Psychological development, contribution of stage to behaviour and 6 developmental goal 2.3. Parent involvement/parent counselling 7 2.4. Guidelines for an individual assistance programme 7 1. EVALUATION AND PLANNING 1.1. The effects of a traumatic experience During trauma, normal functioning disintegrates in people. When a person perceives a threat, the initial stages of a complex, total-body response will begin. The brain orchestrates, directs, and controls this response. The more threatened an individual feels, the further their brain and body will be shifted along an arousal continuum in an attempt to ensure appropriate mental and physical responses to the challenges of the threat. The cognitive (thinking), emotional, and behavioural functioning of the individual will all reflect this shift along the arousal continuum. During the traumatic event, all aspects...
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...A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HOME-ENVIRONMENT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF HIGH STUDENTS INTRODUCTION:- Family environment seemingly has a significant bearing on pathogenesis in the family. Inspite of the various changes that have taken place in the pattern of Indian life in the recent decades, the family is still the most important and finally personality and cognitive development. It is the family that provides feeling of security meets through physical and psychological needs, guides and helps in times of problems and caters to all the wishes and whims of children. Not only this, family is also a source of affection, acceptance and companionship. According to Moos and Moos (1986) family environment consists of ten components i.e. confusion, expressiveness, conflict, independence, achievement –orientations intellectual-cultural orientation and active recreational-orientation, moral and religious emphasis, organisation and control. Various components of family environment have different effects on the development of children. Cohesion, expressiveness and intellectual-orientation are closely associated with young, children’s cognitive, social and emotional development. Good parenting requires more than intellect. It touches a dimension of personality that has been ignored in much of the advice dispensed to parents over the past 30 years. Good parenting involves emotions. In the last decade science has discovered a tremendous amount...
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...to realize that most angry violent acts are due to a disturbed child or individual that lacked attention, love or care? Violence is not a new problem and scientists are just finding out new facts about how it starts and how it can be prevented. Violence is a social problem that increases over the years. Violence is shown in magazines and books, on television and in the media. Violence on television is a major source for aggressive or violent behavior, but Children also pick up violence from a parent or guardian at an early age. It has been psychologically proven that males are more aggressive than females. Therefore, if a child's parents are being aggressive, their actions tend to be imitated. Children are affected very much in different ways from their families. That is why the families’ role in children's life is very important. Families are the key factor in youth violence. The early developmental stages of babies is key to starting a good lifelong learning experience. This is the certain time in which their brains and behavior patterns are significantly developing. Babies need that love and sense of closeness to obtain a healthy start. Obviously mothers who smoke, drink or do drugs while pregnant can cause serious health problems. Also, when they are young most of the time these problems persist. This causes children to have the chance to obtain the same lifestyles as of the parents. Another instance that can hurt a child's well-being is when they...
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...Psychology 1A Term paper MICHAEL SADIK-SALIB Psychology 1A Term paper MICHAEL SADIK-SALIB 08 Fall 08 Fall Individuals have different behaviors depending on how they feel, think, want, or what they do because these things change from moment to moment. This paper will be writing about human personality and how this can be influence by other psychological subfield in social and clinical factors. I will explain how personality can be in a child-learning environment and influential adults in life and how these influences shape those behaviors. These changes show how the personality is and help to recognize, and understand the individual. “Personality is an abstraction used to explain consistency and coherency in an individuals’ pattern of affects, cognitions, desires and behaviors” (Revelle, n.d). According to Feist and Feist,”personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. Sigmund Freud was one who developed his theory in the modern psychology. Psychoanalytic was his theory and consists on the human psyche. The id, the ego and the superego were the beginning basics. The scientists who continued with this investigation were Erich Fromm, Carl Jung, and Erik Erikson. Another theory is Phenomenological. It says that people are inclined toward goodness and fulfilling ones potential. Abraham Maslow was the scientist who reviewed this theory. Behaviorist, another...
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...© Kamla-Raj 2004 J. Soc. Sci., 8(1): 23-27 (2004) Exploring the Forms of Child Abuse in Nigeria: Efforts at Seeking Appropriate Preventive Strategies Ifeyinwa Annastasia Mbakogu CHILD ABUSE IN THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY It may be difficult discussing the issue of child abuse in Nigeria without eliciting the African perspective. This is because first as Africans (and later developing nations), there exists a common heritage that seem to signify that similarities in culture or traditions may indicate a commonality of perceptions toward issues regarded as child abuse and eventually, similarities in strategies for addressing the problem. Moving into the African or Nigerian Perspective It is quite a formidable task formulating an effective strategy for the prevention of child abuse. To tackle this problem Marzouki (2002) made an interesting comparison between prevention strategies for child abuse or handicaps and medical management: What measures should be taken to avoid the so-called ‘street children’ pheno-menon? The preventive measures in handicap are different from medical management in type and level. For instance, when a child has a cerebral palsy due to prematurity, he would need drugs and physiotherapy. But preventing prematurity would need, among other things, health education and pregnancy monitoring. Like cerebral palsy, or seizures, sexually abused street children are merely a symptom, but the causes are derived from elsewhere. Of course it [is] the symptoms that have...
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...Television and Children Lecole Johnson Com/172 August 05, 2013 Cassandra Baker Abstract Television and Children, this topic has been surrounded by controversy for decades. Research shows that 75% of the world enjoys television as a source of entertainment, as a results statistic shows that television can have a negative and positive affect on a child’s academic progress. Undoubtedly, the opinion of many has been taking into consideration. Equally important, although television is the number one pick for the nation, parents should monitor the content and the length of time a child watches television. Overall academic progress, can be affected by more than just television, Parental control and guidance, surely will contribute the affect that television will have on a student’s academic progress. Television Effect on Children Academic Progress The average person in the United States now watches over 151 hours of televisions a months, which is well over 5 hours a day, and while there are many concerned, people are convinced that watching television has a negative impact on our children’s learning process. Although, some content may be inappropriate, some programs on television promote positivity and learning. (Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5112258). Increased television watching among children can have a impact on a child’s academic progress and social and emotional development because research shows that 35% percent of children living in a home were...
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...The Effects of Mass Media on Adolescents Kelsey Wyatt Western Governors University Abstract This Paper contents reviews of several studies conducted on the effects of mass media on children and adolescents. Most of the research suggests that over exposure and unsupervised use of mass media outlets can alter the psychological development of children, as well as create anxieties in adolescents. All of the researched reviewed examines the effects of all media other than book content. Research has shown that consuming too much mass media at a young age can alter the social and psychological structure of adolescents. Mass media can even desensitize youth to unhealthy behavior and effect their education. One of the more noticeable changes in the 21st century has been the growing media consumption, availability and influence. A major consequence of this growing influence is the negative effect it can have on a children’s well-being. Parents no longer have to worry about the influence of “bad” friends but the “virtual” bad influence readily at the fingertips of their children. According to the U.S. census over 80% of adolescents own at least one form of media technology (Comer 2008). The use of this technology is increasing every year with text messages and social networking being an easy access to both youths and adults. A survey was conducted in 2010 by the Kaiser Family Foundation on daily media usage. The survey found that children 8 to 18 logged an average of 6 hour media...
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...of overcrowding: According to the World Health Organization, overcrowding refers to the situation in which more people are living within a single dwelling than there is space for, so that movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene impossible, rest and sleep difficult. The terms crowding and overcrowding are often used interchangeably to refer to the same condition. The effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to children sharing a bed or bedroom, increased physical contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy, poor hygiene practices and an inability to care adequately for sick household members. While population density is an objective measure of number of people living per unit area, overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density. But, definitions of crowding used in statistical reporting and for administrative purposes are based on density measures and do not usually incorporate people’s perceptions of crowding. The social and psychological effects of overcrowding: The social and psychological effects of overcrowding can be summarized as follows: Health effects: Overcrowding poses serious direct and indirect health risks to all segments of the population, particularly the elderly, young children, and the disabled: * overcrowding results in insufficient ventilation in homes, causing or exacerbating respiratory illness; * susceptibility to disease, the severity of...
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...This essay will look at the physical and psychological needs of a three year old child. All children have needs and these needs will change over a child’s lifetime. The Oxford English Dictionary describes a “need” as something that is a requirement, “because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable” (OED, 1989, v. 1.). Both the physical and psychological development of a three year old child will be examined in order to determine what needs are required for this development to take place. Ways in which childcare settings can meet these varied needs will also be discussed. Finally examples will be given of what the consequences might be for a child whose basic developmental needs have not been met. A three year old child’s physical development encompasses quite a lot. From their growth i.e. their height and weight to their muscle development and gross and fine motor skills. At this stage of their development a child will start to learn about h/his own body and how s/he can control it. As his balance improves s/he will be able, through practice, to start to do things s/he had previously been unable to do. H/His independence is also growing and s/he will often want to do things without adult interference. S/He is beginning to explore h/his world at a much greater level than before. H/His natural curiosity can only flourish however so long as s/he remains within a safe and secure setting which is structured and predictable and has limits and boundaries...
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...Contribution Freud’s views about the nature and construction of the human personality significantly influenced Erik Erikson’s understanding of humanity. There was a considerable difference between the two men: whereas Erikson was an ego psychologist, Freud was an ID psychologist. Erikson stressed on the functions of society and culture and the divergences that can occur within the ego itself while Freud highlighted the conflict between the superego and ID. At all psychosexual phases, Erikson observed that the person grows in three levels concurrently: social, biological, and psychological, which represent the person, his or her connection to society, and individualism. His work was a lifetime representation of human development that consists of 5 phases up to 18 years of age. Three additional phases extended beyond adulthood. The first point concerns Trust Versus Mistrust. It is the period from birth to the end of the first year. Erikson affirmed that in this period, a child would learn to trust the outside world and his or her capacity to have an effect on proceedings going on. This development is...
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...Cultures and Populations In today’s society, demographics and cultural factors has caused organizations to facilitate change. The changing of new organizational patterns are definitely needed due to the increase in the American cultural patterns, (Carter, 2000). “Typically organizational literature dealt with how diversity, rather than cultural patterns, may influence corporate culture. Although organization scholars have paid attention to issues concerning diversity, less attention has been paid to examining the influence of dominant American patterns upon organization,” (Carter, 2000). Upon my completion at Walden University, I hope to become a Child and Family Counselor. As human service professionals, it is important that you are competent and aware of your client’s culture. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, “Child welfare workers can improve their practice with children, youth, and families by increasing their knowledge and appreciation of different cultures,” (US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2013). An organizations knowledge on an individual’s culture and climate can help to influence social structure. As defined, “organizational culture refers to the shared norms, beliefs, and behavioral expectations that drive behavior and communicate what is valued in organizations,” (Cooke & Szumal, 1993; Verbeke, Volgering, & Hessels, 1998). These shared values and norms are implemented for employees to carry out the specific goals of the organization...
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