...Prison and Jails Anthony Youmans CJA/204 Lexie Williams May 22, 2013 Prisons and Jails The American Judicial System has multiple types of facilities to house those convicted. Those facilities are known as federal prisons, state prisons, privately run prisons, and county jails. The main argument that plagues society today is private prisons. In this paper, one will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of private prisons and will also explain the conflict between safeguarding a prisoner’s constitutionally projected rights and the state’s authority to abridge those rights to protect its own interests and citizens interests. The most controversial argument in our society today concerning prisons is that of private versus state. “A private prison is defined as a correctional institute operated by a private firm on behalf of a local or state government” (Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2009). One advantage for privatization of prisons is private companies offer correctional facility designs are efficient to operate and are based on cost-benefit considerations. Also private prisons can mobilize quickly and specialize in facility missions. Private prisons helps the government reduce its liability exposure by contracting with private correctional companies. A disadvantage of privatization of prisons is that some private operators may be inexperienced and this could cause a problem within the management of the prison. Also the procurement process of having a private prison is slow, inefficient...
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...Causes of Homosexuality Alan Hardy Liberty University Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide an in depth look at the causes of homosexuality. Homosexuality has had a strong presence throughout history and many ancient civilizations openly engaged in homosexual activity. Currently, all research seems to conclude that there is no universal accepted truth as to why homosexuality exists, but many researchers agree that there are certain experiences and situations that tend to contribute to homosexual behavior. This research paper explores numerous contributing factors that are thought to raise the likelihood of someone becoming a homosexual. Readers will be interested to explore the core argument of biological and genetic makeup versus arguments of nature. Numerous studies and experiments help support both sides of the argument, but neither side is able to produce irrefutable evidence naming a direct cause of homosexuality. This research paper serves as a way for individuals interested in the causes of homosexuality to explore numerous viewpoints, stereotypes, and unbiased valid information on the topic. This research could be used to help individuals understand why homosexuality exists in today’s society. Causes of Homosexuality Homosexuality is perhaps one of the most misunderstood realities within today’s society. There are many people that view it as disgusting, unnatural and taboo. Others claim to support the right to love whomever with little or no understanding...
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...affairs with men. He was tried and imprisoned for his homosexual relationship (then considered a crime) with the son of an aristocrat. Many of his plays such as The Importance of Being Earnest and Salome are translated in to foreign languages and are adopted into films and poems written by him made their presence in the list of bestsellers of his time and still continue to be read worldwide. The most celebrated novelist and author of his time, Oscar Wilde was appreciated by and acquainted with many influential artists of the day including English author John Ruskin, American poet Walt Whitman and George Bernard Shaw. Wilde witnessed an ill-fated downfall in 1885, when the author was arrested and imprisoned on account of his iniquitous homosexuality that made him leave his country forever. He was also harshly criticized for his outspoken atheism and active role in atheistic movements in the country which eventually led to his death in 1900. Wilde has many accomplishments, but we tend to look past the trials and tribulations in which he faced. He had a fascination with literature and writing was always his first love. But Wilde had other loves too. His name was Alfred and Oscar Wilde got in hot water with his homosexual relations. Trouble came to Wilde’s life when he started to act...
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...Historically speaking, the notion of homosexuality has been the cause of major conflicts for the last two millennia. For centuries, people considered different based solely on their sexual orientation have been shunned, alienated, imprisoned, and, in extreme cases, even murdered all around the world. More specifically, the issue of homosexuality reached its apex in Canada in the post-Confederation era from the 1900s to the 1960s. Throughout those decades, the federal government of Canada placed a huge emphasis on the then entrenched “typical family structure,” consisting of the male breadwinner, the stay-at-home wife, and around two or three children (even more during the post-WWII decades). That being said, homosexuals were viewed as a threat to the heterosexual family structure, which was the fundamental social fabric at the time. It can be argued that the major factor leading to the quest for the decriminalization of homosexuality in Canada was the case of Everett George Klippert in the 1960s. For many federal government politicians at the time, such as Justice Minister Pierre Trudeau (Prime Minister from 1968-1979), Klippert’s case brought to light the imprecision of the laws and legal concepts concerning homosexuals and, by extension, homosexuality as a whole. In the following paragraphs, this essay will first provide a general context of how homosexuals were treated and/or perceived in the first half of the 20th century. Subsequently, an in depth examination of the Wolfenden...
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...being biased against someone else. This is usually due to the person’s race, religion, creed or sexual preference. Although hate crimes in a new category of punishable crime, it has been around for a while in the United States. Many members of the LGBT community make up the majority of the crimes that are the most underreported. Laws against Hate Crimes Laws against hate crimes and discrimination were created because members within this community are being discriminated against daily and at alarming rates. Transgender people are fighting against discrimination at work, schools, housing and public places, to include the ability to use the appropriate restrooms. Contrary to what is seen on television, such as Orange is the New Black, within prison/jails populations, most transgendered people are not housed with the sex they identify with. In recent news, a transgendered woman, Vicky Thomas, was found hanging in her cell. Vicky had reported being harassed by the male prisoners because of the way she dresses and her overall appearance. To add insult to this, she was housed in a unit that holds those with sexually-based offenses (Baker and Gye, 2015). Matthew Sheppard and James Byrd Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 This act was implanted by President Barak Obama because these victims both fell into one of the specified categories or...
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...legislative branch. The courts in Venezuela does not have equal share with the executive. The Venezuelan brand of federalism does not provide for state courts. The law is perceived as the same, unitary, throughout the national territory (Country studies). The Venezuelan prison system, which consisted of twenty-five institutions (Data, 1990) that has suffered from both understaffing and overcrowding. Not only had that but the prison had graft and corruption. During the 1980’s crimes in Venezuela had increased and the prison had become more congested. There were a total of twenty five prisons throughout Venezuela which consist of 17 judicial detainment centers, 7 nation jails and penitentiaries, 1 national institute of female orientation (Data, 1990). The correction officers or civilian workers were personnel of Ministry of Justice. All the guards on the external of the prison were personnel of the nation guard. The rehabilitation that the convicted criminal would get before being released came to a halt due to the overcrowding of the prison. The prison overcrowding also lead to corruption, homosexuality and drug abuse in the Venezuelan prisons. Reference Michael, John. (1999). Demand Media. Pros & Cons of Private Prisons. Retrieved on February 5, 2012 from...
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...Joaquin Raphael Deato Dr. Aileen Salonga 2014 13491 April 15, 2015 English 10: Concept and Position Paper Homosexuality In 1935, Sigmund Freud wrote a letter to an American mother saying: “Homosexuality is assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation, it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function produced by a certain arrest of sexual development. Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals, several of the greatest men among them (Plato, Michaelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, etc.) It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime, and cruelty too...” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ph.D. Gregory M. Herek</Author><Year>2012</Year><DisplayText>(Gregory M. Herek)</DisplayText><record><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ph.D. Gregory M. Herek</author></authors></contributors><titles/><title>Facts About Homosexuality and Mental Health</title><periodical/><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates/></dates></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gregory M. Herek) There have been a lot of changes in the society ever since the twentieth century came and this affected even the intangible and most absurd things such as how people interact...
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...Homosexuals and current Scenario of Egypt: The Egyptian Government dealt homosexuals in cruel way for stopping the rising popularity of Religious activist groups such as Ikhwan-al-Muslimeen. Government of Egypt has used courts for holding and torture of Gay men (Has). This policy of Government got wide support from the public and for this reason allowed the Rule to shore up its Islamic Qualifications (Menyawi, September 1, 2006). The situation of Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen is also considered that homosexuality is the violation of Islamic law. For this reason Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen supported the Government attacks on Gay men. Such Emergency courts which were previously used for the prosecution of the religious fundamentalists now these courts are using for detain and tortured of the gay men. That is why the destination of Religious fundamentalists and gay men are inseparably linked. It seems not plausible that the Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen make a strategically coalition with Gay Men. Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen should understand that the government is manipulating their Homophobia and Government also prosecuted Fundamentalists. In the United States a narrative is used i.e. “coming out from the closet” for the LGBT but deploying this narrative in Egypt is an entirely different social and cultural environment from the United States would have significantly diverse and adverse consequences (MENYAWI). So by coming out with a homosexual identity, it is likely to construct a new group in the society which...
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...“Biography lends to death a new terror.” This is a quote from the famous writer of the 19th century Oscar Wilde, and the irony is that in this paper I will be shedding some light on the life and times of this controversial artist. Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest playwrights of the Victorian Era. In his lifetime he wrote nine plays, one novel, and numerous poems, short stories, and essays. He was a supporter of the Aesthetic movement, which emphasized aesthetic values more than moral or social ideals. This movement is most clearly summarized in the phrase “art for art's sake.” The main focus of this paper will be Wildes early life, his various works and controversial lifestyle, and a bit of my personal opinion on this man and his effects on the world today. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin on October 16, 1854 to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane. Oscar's mother, Lady Jane Francesca Wilde, was a successful poet and journalist; she wrote many successful Irish verses under a pseudonym. His father, Sir William Wilde, was a surgeon and also a gifted writer, who wrote books on archeology and folklore. Oscar was educated at Portora Royal School until 1871, and then attended Trinity College in Dublin as well as Magdalen College in Oxford until 1878. It was during his stint in Oxford that he became an advocate in the aesthetic movement and while at Magdalen, he won the 1878 Newdigate Prize for his poem Ravenna...
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...same biological sex or gender identity. Gay marriages or unions have become increasingIngly common in several countries beginning in the 20th and 21st century . They are now legal in at least eight European countries. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. Same sex marriage should not be legalized because it condones and legitimizes homosexuality which is an abnormal deviant behavior practiced by only a small percent of the population, (10%) according to some estimates. By definition, marriage is a consensual contractual relationship recognized by law, between one man and one woman. Anything other than this is something else. If the components or elements of a math or chemical formula are changed, the result will not be the same, and declaring that they are the same does not change the fact that they are different. The homosexual activists have engaged in the practice of redefining or changing words or phrases to make their agenda seem more palatable to society and maybe even to themselves. The word “Gay” is a good example of this, because homosexuality has been associated with deviant behavior for at least a hundred years, but gay sounds very...
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...Alexandra Vilents May 22, 2012 Final Paper Homophobia in the Black Communities. Homophobia, just like racism and sexism, is a sign of ignorance. Most people who hate or fear gays have either never met a gay person or simply do not understand what homosexuality is. In the black community, masculinity is considered to be the most important feature of a man and if a man is a homosexual, this is not just a matter of his sexual preference, being gay automatically labels you as a “fagget”, a “sissy”, or basically less of a man. Many black families traditionally attend church and thus tend to be very religious. To them homosexuality is a sin. Procreation is highly valued in African American families. Since gay men cannot produce children that makes them an “unwanted” part of this community Metrosexual is a term that can be used to describe a heterosexual urban male who tends to be very considerate of his appearance and has a defined taste in fashion. Metrosexual guys are often called “Fags” because their style and interests may be somewhat different from those of a “manly man”, but this in no way makes them a homosexual. When most men in the black communities think of a gay man this image of a very feminine, metrosexual guy comes to mind. What they do not take into consideration is that one's sexual preference is what makes them gay, not what they are wearing or how they are acting. Black men see homosexuals as a threat to their masculinity. They often think that just because...
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...There are many different perspectives on gay male and lesbian sexual orientations. Gay male and lesbian sexual orientation is commonly referred to as being homosexual. A homosexual is a male and or female that is attracted to the same sex. Homosexuality is the term used to define sexual orientation of homosexuals that engage in sexual activities with the same sexes. Homosexuality is widespread throughout history including the past, present, and future generations and varies widely amongst societies and cultural acceptances. In some cultures and religions homosexuality is accepted and tolerated. Whereas, in other cultures and religions it is found to being condemning and dirty. Some even think of the individual as being in a sick state of mind. It is because of these different historical and scientific perspectives that are being placed on homosexuals minds are what shape their perceptions of themselves. In historical perspectives western cultures have never censured any sexual practices or orientations more than the male and male and female and female orientations. The sexual behaviors have varied per religion and past cultures of what is accepted and what is not. In ancient Greece it was common and accepted for males to have sexual relationships with other males, sometimes even boys. It was thought as soon as the young man grew a beard it was time to start the male-male sexual behavior. Greek vases displaced artwork of men having sexual relations to boys by placing their...
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...Unnatural – More Than One Meaning? There are those words that have more than one way to be spelled, have more than one definition, and have more than one meaning. The word “second” can mean something that is right after the first, or it can be a unit of telling time. The word “unnatural” is a similar word. It has different meanings, but the meanings are also related. Burton Leiser questions the way “unnatural” is used when he hears people say that homosexual intercourse is unnatural. Views on homosexuality were based on Christianity, which views homosexuality as unnatural, a violation of natural law, immoral, and condemnable. When we use the word “natural”, we have to deal with how ambiguous it is. In nature, it can either mean one of two things. It either means that whatever is natural follows the law of nature, or that whatever is natural is not man-made or artificial. The first argument on if homosexuality is unnatural is based on if it does not follow the laws of nature. The laws of nature are not guidelines that living beings enforce and follow. These laws describe how events in nature work. There is no punishment if the laws of nature can’t be followed, but either way, the laws of nature can’t be violated. There is no written law on how far and what direction a person’s elbow or wrist will move or bend. The elbow naturally bends typically in one direction, closes at around 45 degrees and opens to about 180 degrees, while the wrist naturally bends slightly, but can...
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...Running Head: Hate Crime Analysis – Homosexuality Hate crime Analysis – Homosexuality CJA540 Nicole Paddock Eric Drennan October 18, 2010 Abstract Hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by prejudices. Hate crimes can be against people because of their race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. Incidents of hate crime can be physical assault, property damage, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse, graffiti, and/or hate mail. This paper will discuss hate crime has it pertains to sexual orientation focusing on homosexual men. It will provide a brief description of why homosexuals are victimized and discuss two cases of hate crime. The paper will then talk about the restorative justice models that could be used to help and the best instrument to measure the victimization of homosexual men. The paper will conclude with discussing the criminological theory that best describes why there is victimization with homosexual men. Homosexuality and victimization have become two things that unfortunately go hand in hand. Homosexual men are the prime targets for those who commit hate crimes. “Past studies show that gay men are more likely to be the victim of violent crime than lesbians. Gay men are often targeted out in public such as attending gay bars and nightclubs and in neighborhoods that are predominately occupied by gay men” (Waldern-Haugrud & Berg, p. 4 2004). One of the reasons homosexual men are targeted is because homosexual men tend to be more...
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...Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality PSY/265 PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 10/14/2012 Petar Sardelich Historical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality have had such an impact on societies and their people all around the world, that some people have taken their own life to avoid admitting that they are homosexual. Homosexuality has its own unique history through the ages. These views varied from acceptance, to deviance, to illegal, to an abomination according to the bible and religious beliefs, to partially accepted, to individual choice, to scientific findings pointing to genetic differences. I don’t know that any other subject has any rival that has such a vast history. Because of these different views and beliefs, “homosexual people, like heterosexual people, struggle to incorporate their sexuality within their personal identity, to find lovers, and to establish satisfying lifestyles. In fact, gay marriages are now permitted in a number of states. Unlike heterosexual people, gay people in our culture face a backdrop of social intolerance, even if they commit themselves to long-term relationships”, (University of Phoenix, Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity)...
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