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How to Build Relations

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1. For a TCP connection between Host A and Host B, the TCP segments from A to B have source port number x and destination port number y. What are the source and destination port numbers for the segments sent from B to A? 2. Describe why an application developer might choose to run an application over UDP rather than TCP. Give examples of such applications. 3. Why is it that voice and video traffic is often sent over TCP rather than UDP in today’s Internet? (Hint: not because of TCP’s congestion-control mechanism) 4. Is it possible for an application to enjoy reliable data transfer even when the application runs over UDP? If so, how? 5. A process in Host C has a UDP socket with port number 6789. Host A and B each send a UDP segment to Host C with destination port number 6789. Will both of these segments be directed to the same socket at Host C? How will the process at Host C know that these two segments originated from two different hosts? 6. To provide reliability in a transport layer, why do we need sequence numbers? Why do we need timers? Will a timer still be required if the RTT between sender and destination is constant? 7. Consider the Telnet example discussed in the figure below. A few seconds after the user types the letter ‘C,’ the user types the letter ‘R.’ After typing the letter ‘R.’ how many segments are sent, and what is put in the sequence number and acknowledgement fields of the segments? (6 points)

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8. Consider a reliable data transfer protocol that uses only negative acknowledgements. Suppose the sender sends data only infrequently. Would a NAK-only protocol be preferable to a protocol that uses ACKs? Why? Now suppose the sender has a lot of data to send and the end-to-end connection experiences few losses. In this second case, would a NAK-only protocol be preferable to a protocol that uses ACKs? Why? 9.

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