...IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTIPLIERLESS TWODIMENSIONAL IMAGE FILTERS by Douglas J. Lockett and Christopher D. Roblee ********* Senior Capstone Design Project Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Union College Steinmetz Hall Schenectady, New York 12308 U.S.A. Submitted May 30, 2003 Final Project Report Senior Capstone Design Project, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Union College, 2003. © 2003 Douglas Lockett, Christopher Roblee Lockett, Roblee Page 2 of 48 6/3/2003 Table of Contents: Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….3 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..4 2. Theory of Multiplierless Arithmetic………………………………………………...5 3. Image Filters 3.1. Motivations for IIR vs. FIR……………………………………………………....7 3.2. Edge Detection …………………………………………………………………..8 3.3. Canny Edge Detection……………………………………………………………9 4. Genetic Algorithms 4.1. Motivations……………………………………………………………………...10 4.2. Basic Theory…………………………………………………………………….10 4.3. Description of the Designed Genetic Algorithm………………………………..13 4.3.1. Fitness Function Definition and Crossover Selection…………………...17 4.3.2. Magnitude Response and Relative Error………………………………...19 4.3.3. GA Parameters…………………………………………………………...19 5. Results 5.1. Magnitude Frequency Analysis ……………………………………………...…21 5.2. Spatial Analysis…………………………………………………………………24 5.3. Sample Filter Output…………………………………………………………….25 6. Comparative Analysis...
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...Background George Stein comes from a middle class family that values the importance of education. He is currently a college mechanical engineering student who is out of school for summer break. George did not see a future in educations however, his parents voiced they would bless his marriage the following year if he continued with college. In order to earn extra money he began to work at the Eastern Dairy plant. Eastern Dairy paid George double the amount he was use to making in the past and he was also a member of the labor union. (Buller & Schuler, 2003) Eastern Dairy produce ice cream mix as well as milkshake mix. The ice cream is prepared in 5 gallon and 10 gallon sizes for various companies to sell under their own name. The milkshake mix is only prepared in 5 gallon sizes and is sold to local restaurants and fast food places. (Buller & Schuler, 2003) George works the night shift and he really enjoys his job and fellow co-workers. One of the things George notices right away is that the crew doesn’t have to worry about bosses looking over their shoulders because no higher management/supervisors are assigned to the night shift. Paul is the person on the night shift left in charge of production and oversees any problems that may occur. Paul likes to take it easy and have fun. One night all the employees played around and used supplies to entertain themselves. The night shift only has two responsibilities. The first responsibility is to run and conclude the production orders...
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...Tropical Storm Charley In August 2004, tropical storm Charley hit North Carolina and the Optima Air Filter Company. Many employees’ homes were devastated, and the firm found that it had to hire almost three completely new crews, one for each of its shifts. The problem was that the “old timers” had known their jobs so well that no one had ever bothered up job description for them. When about 30 new employees began taking their places, there was general confusion about what they should do and how they should do it. The storm quickly became old news to the firm out – of – state customers, who wanted filters, not excuses. Phil Mann, the firm’s president, was at his wits end. He had about 30 new employees, 10 old – timers, and his original factory supervisor, Maybelline. He decided to meet with Linda Lowe, a consultant from the local university’s business school. She immediately had the old – timers fill out a job questionnaire that had listed all their duties. Arguments ensued almost at once: Both Phil and Maybelline thought the old – timers were exaggerating to make themselves look more important, and the old – timers insisted that the lists faithfully reflected their duties. Meanwhile, the customers clamored for their filters. Questions: 1. Should Phil and Linda ignore the old – timers’ protest and write up the job description as they see fit? Why? Why Not? ✓ No, Phil and Linda should not completely ignore the protest and here is why. Despite the exaggeration...
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...added to DCM solution until it longer clumped. The solution was filtered to separted the CaCl2 pellets from DCM. DCM was used to wash pellets before filtering. To the solid in bottom of flask, (3ml) of propanol was added, heated and cooled. Filteration was tried once more to gain crystals. Due to nonexistent crystals a melting point could not be performed. Observations: We noticed after adding propanol our solution became very orange and cloudy. After heating it the solution was a clear golden color. We chilled the solution in ice and attained no crystals. After repeatedly heating and cooling, we saw our solution go from cloudy to clear over and over. After filtering one more time the color of orange stained the filter paper but no crystals. Data Melting Point: expected: 131- 132 (C Conclusion We concluded if this experiment had gone the way expected we would have a melting point of 131-132 (C. We believe this error was due to excessive amount of DCM prior to filtering when we tried to get all of the solution out of the reaction tube. We believe we had too small of a volume to attain crystals. We...
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...Activated Charcoal: Good or Bad? Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen, which makes it more porous and increases its surface area. This also increases its capacity to absorb gases and liquids, which works by chemically binding the impurities to the carbon surface. Activated charcoal is most typically utilized to remove odorous substances from the atmosphere. Wood, peat, coconut shells, coal and sawdust are the most common materials used for making activated charcoal. Activated charcoal is most commonly found in aquarium filters, drinking-water filters and air filters; and has a role in the treatment of ingested poisons for humans. What is Charcoal? Charcoal is produced from the combustion of plant material, most typically wood, and closely resembles coal. It is extensively produced in the developing world, where it is used as a fuel for cooking and heating requirements. It is produced by heating wood at a low temperature in the absence of oxygen. All that remains after this process is the black carboniferous material know as charcoal. Activated Charcoal for Human Health Activated charcoal is utilized in human health, particularly in the treatment of poisoning, where it is ingested to counter the effects of a chemical. It is generally produced in a powdered form, which can be mixed with water and consumed as a suspension, or as a food supplement for where it comes in small, readily digested tablets or capsules. This form of activated charcoal...
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...chloride-silicon dioxide mixture using filtration and evaporation II. Equipment and Materials: Refer to the College Preparatory Lab manual, Page 28-30 III. Procedure: Refer to the College Preparatory Lab manual, page 28-30 IV. A. Measurements; Measurements and Data for Separating the Components of a Mixture Object | Test Tube | Test Tube+ Mixture | Filter Paper | Filter Paper+ Silicon dioxide | Evaporating dish | Evaporating dish+ Sodium Chloride w/ watch glass | Filtrate | Aliquot | Watch Glass | | Mass (g) | 19.32 | 24.89 | 1.01 | 5.22 | 47.30 | 90.07 | X | X | 42.49 | | Volume (mL) | X | X | X | X | X | X | 40.0 | 10.0 | X | | IV B. Calculations: 1. Mass of Mixture Determination of the mass of the mixture: Mass= (Mass of Test tube and Mixture) – (Mass of Test Tube) Mass= 24.89g – 19.32g Mass= 5.57g 2. Mass of Silicon Dioxide Determination of the mass of Silicon Dioxide Mass= (Filter paper with sand) – (Mass of Filter paper) Mass= 5.22g – 1.01g Mass= 4.21g 3. Percentage of Silicon Dioxide Determination of the percentage of Silicon Dioxide % Composition= Part/Whole x 100 % Composition = Mass of San/ Mass of Mixture x 100 % Composition = 4.21g/5.57g x 100 % Composition = 75.6% 4. Expected mass of sodium chloride Determination...
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...HEPA filters in vacuum cleaners tend to use two quite different mechanisms to clean the airstream. First, there are one or more outer filters that work like sieves to stop the larger particles of dirt, dust, and hair. Inside those filters, there is a concertina of what looks like folded paper designed to trap the smaller particles. The paper is actually a mat of very dense glass fibers and, unlike the gauze, it doesn't simply filter out small dust particles like a sieve. Instead, it uses three different mechanisms to catch dust particles as they pass through in the moving airstream. At high air speeds, some particles are caught and trapped as they smash directly into the fibers, while others snag on the fibers as they try to brush by. At lower air speeds, dust particles tend to wander about more randomly through the filter (a process known as Brownian motion after its discoverer, Scottish botanist Robert Brown) and may stick to its fibers as they do so. Together, these three mechanisms allow HEPA filters to catch particles that are both larger and smaller than a certain target size. The fibers in the HEPA filters trap dust and dirt particles in three ways. Some particles crash into filter fibers and are absorbed by impact. Some are caught as they flow along in the moving airstream, move too close to a fiber and are trapped by interception. At lower air speeds, some are trapped by diffusion (when randomly moving dust and air particles crash into one another and some are...
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...or contaminants get removed by the filtering, evaporating and separation that occurs during the recrystallization. Results After recrystallizing the salicylic acid we calculated the percentage recovery. The result we achieved was not what we had expected. We had expected some of the acid to have been lost and the recovery be reduced. The results we got showed that only 51.5% of the acid remained after the crystallisation. This was surprising because almost half of the original substance of salicylic acid had gone. The original mass was 2 grams, after the crystallisation it was 1.03 grams. The reason I believe that the recovery was only 51.5% was because when filtering the solution some of the crystals would have been left behind on the filter paper or the...
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...HVAC Design for Cleanroom Facilities Course No: M06-008 Credit: 6 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774 info@cedengineering.com HVAC FOR CLEANROOM FACILITIES Indoor air quality is of paramount importance for human comfort and health. Air, whether it is from outside or re-circulated within the area, acts as a vehicle for airborne contaminants brought in by the movement of people, material, etc. Since many of these airborne contaminants are harmful either to products or people working in such environments their removal is necessary on medical, legal, social or financial grounds. Cleanrooms are specially constructed, environmentally controlled enclosed spaces where the concentration of airborne particles (contaminants) is kept within specified limits. In industry, cleanrooms are used in the manufacturing of electronic hardware such as integrated circuits (ICs) and hard drives. In biotechnology and medicine, cleanrooms are used when it is necessary to ensure an environment free of bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Four fundamental rules apply to cleanrooms. 1) First, contaminants must not be introduced into the controlled environment from the outside. 2) Second, the apparatus or equipment within the controlled environment must not generate or otherwise give rise to contaminants (for example as a result of friction, chemical reactions, or biological processes). 3) Third...
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...11. References 18 Purpose The purpose of a PM Service on a Semi-Truck is to add longevity to the life of the vehicle. It allows the mechanic to fully inspect every component of the vehicle and make any necessary repairs as needed. This allows a safe and well maintained vehicle to transport any number of goods for a very long time. Safety Shut engine off! Lock and Tag if necessary! Chock wheels to prevent unintentional rolling of vehicle! Coolant and Oil may be extremely hot and under pressure! Low clearance under or around vehicle can cause injuries! Sharp objects may be present! Research & Time Intervals It is important to research the vehicle you are performing a PM Service on. Verify you have the proper filters, oil type, oil viscosity, and grease type so as to not cause damage to important components of the vehicle! Be sure that the service is performed within the scheduled time. A vehicle that does not get a PM Service at the recommended date can cause unnecessary failures of components, cause timely breakdowns, and costly repairs. Engine Tools Needed Supplies Needed * Begin by lifting the hood of the vehicle. * Crawl under the engine using a creeper or a sheet of cardboard. * Put oil drain pan centered directly under oil drain plug on engine oil pan. * Using the appropriate socket on the ratchet, loosen and remove oil drain plug...
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...business establishment which sells drugs or medicines. This is covered by Chapter II below. 2. List down the minimum standards for pharmaceutical Equipments and machines. MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT/MACHINES 1.0. General Machinery and Equipment 1.1. Weighing Scale 1.1.1. 1 g. sensitivity 1.1.2. 1 kg. sensitivity 1.2. Labelling machine 1.3. Coding Machine 1.4. Facility for washing and drying bottles 1.5. Measuring glasswares Laboratory apparatus including measuring glasswares, chemical supplies, filter paper 2.0. Additional Machine and Equipment needed for each dosage form: 2.1. Liquid/Suspension 2.1.1. Stainless Steel tank with stirrer of appropriate capacity 2.1.2. Jacketed kettle 2.1.3. Homegenizer 2.1.4. Stainless steel pail, assorted sizes 2.1.5. Deionizer or distilling apparatus 2.1.6. Stainless steel storage tank 500 L 2.1.7. Filter Assembly 2.1.8. Filling Machine 2.1.9. Filter-proof Capper 2.2. Tablets 2.2.1....
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...1. Vostick Filter Company is a distributor of air filters to retail stores. It buys its filters from several manufacturers. Filters are ordered in lot sizes of 1000 and each order costs $40 to place. Demand from retail stores is 20,000 filters per month, and carrying cost is $.10 a filter per month. a. What is the optimal order quantity with respect to so many lot sizes? b. What would be the optimal order quantity if the carrying cost were $.05 a filter per month? c. What would be the optimal order quantity if ordering costs were $10? 2. To reduce production start-up costs, Bodden Truck Company may manufacture longer runs of the same truck. Estimated savings from the increase in efficiency are $260,000 per year. However, inventory turnover will decrease from eight times a year to six times a year. Costs of goods sold are $48 million on annual basis. If the required rate of return on investment in inventories is 15%, should the company instigate the new production plan? 3. The Hedge Corporation manufactures only one product: planks. The single raw material used in making planks is the dint. For each plank manufactured, 12 dints are required. Assume that company manufactures 150,000 planks per year, that demand for planks is perfectly steady throughout the year, that it costs $200 each time dints are ordered, and that carrying costs are $8 per dint per year. a. Determine the economic order quantity of dints. b. What are the total inventory...
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...Application Case Tropical Storm Charley In August 2004, tropical storm Charley hit North Carolina and the Optima Air Filter Company. Many employees’ homes were devastated and the firm found that it had to hire almost 3 completely new crews, one for each of its shifts. The problem was that the “Old-timers” had known their jobs so well that no one had ever bothered to draw up job descriptions for them. When about 30 new employees began taking their places, there was general confusion about what they should do and how they should do it. The storm quickly became old news to the firm’s out-of state customers- who wanted filters, not excuses. Phil Mann, the firm’s President, was at his wits end. He had about 30 new employees, 10 old-timers, and his original factory supervisor, Maybelline. He decided to meet with Linda Lowe, a consultant from the local universities business school. She immediately had the old- timers fill out a job questionnaire that listed all their tasks, duties & responsibilities. Arguments ensued almost at once- Both Phil & Maybelline thought the old-timers were exaggerating to make themselves look more important, and the old-timers instead that the list faithfully reflected their duties. Meanwhile, the customers clamoured for their filters. Questions: Should Phil & Linda ignore that old-timers’ protests and write up the job descriptions as they see fit? Why? Why not? How would you go about resolving the differences? Solution: No, Phil & Linda should...
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...corporate sales and had been sold primarily as add-ons to a new air cooling/heating system. However, with the advent of marconil, air filtration had started to increase significantly as a percentage of total sales. Marconil, a new high-tech product developed as part of the U.S. space effort, had a range of unique properties of high interest to a variety of industries. In the case of air filtration, when processed by a Sabor Inc. developed and patented process, marconil could be transformed into a thin, very light, and extremely fine meshlike sponge material capable of filtering extremely small particles. Given the population’s sensitivity to air quality and the increasing number of people with asthma and allergies, the new Sabor filters became popular, not only with new Sabor air system installations but also as retrofits in older air conditioning and heating systems. Moreover, compared to electronic...
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...• Preventative maintenance -can do 3 things; reduce failures, save on operating cost, and keep equipment safe. • Reduce failures- When work is heaviest equipment need preventative maintenance the most, the customer can’t afford for the equipment to be down during peak use, won’t prevent failures but limits them. • Save on operating cost- The fewest dollars spent on maintenance will pay for themselves many times over. An engine tune up can save 15% in fuel consumption and increase power by 10%. 100 hp tractor would use 4.5 gallons less in fuel and add a bonus of 10 hp. A maintained engine burns less fuel and can do more work per hour. • The #1 expense is down time. • Keeping equipment safe to operate- a customer with poorly maintained machine will tend to take chances to save time lost by poor performance, may also try to fix it without stopping or turning off the machine which promotes accidents. • Keeping records- Good way to make sure maintenance is performed on schedule, keep records for customer or job ticket, increase service sales in your shop. • Sales Technicians-are also sales men, they sale time or labor hours, service is our product= poor service= poor sales=no job. • Service intervals- Usually 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 hours of operation- Check the owner’s manual for specific intervals. Service intervals are cumulative which means 50 hr service should be done at 50hrs, 100 hrs, 150 hrs and 200hrs. • Tips for good machine...
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