TITLE PAGE
TRENDS OF NEGATIVE THEMES IN NIGERIAN HOME MOVIES (A STUDY OF FOUR HOME MOVIES)
BY
OGBONNIA CHINAZA. C
MC/2006/118
A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MASS COMMUNICATION
JULY, 201

DEDICATION I dedicate this work to God Almighty for his unfettered love. He is the only guide to my life and studies and he dispenses his grace freely. Also to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ogbodo Ogbonnia and my brothers Arinze, Nnamaka, Chukwunonyerum, I remain grateful for their moral and financial support.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge and appreciate all who fired the flame in one way or the other. First, I thank God, the almighty father who has given me life, knowledge, wisdom and strength to accomplish my work.
My special gratitude goes to my head of Department, Damian. U. Agboeze who despite his crowded daily programme as the HOD would readily attend to his students and his fatherly advice.
My immense gratitude also goes to my supervisor Justina Obi who devoted her time to supervise, correct and criticize this research work to make it a reality. I can never forget the service of my lecturer, Ferdinand Obasi, who made things easier for me and saw me through my work. I am indebted also to my other lecturers Nwonu Clifford, Benson-Eluwa Virginia, Ugwuanyi Felix, and Jude Edeh. You all are special gifts to the department. Mediocre teacher explains, “a good teacher demonstrates and inspires”. Your inspiration has seen all the graduating students in Mass Communication department through these four years of academic pursuit in this university. May god reward all in abundance.
How can I thank my beloved Daddy and Mummy Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ogbodo Ogbonnia who were always there for me, provide for me both physically , morally, socially and spiritually. They never allow me to lack anything. I am forever grateful . you are the best parents ever. And to my lovely brothers who always make me to fill on top of the world. Arinze, Nnamaka, Chukwunonyerem and Felicia. I am grateful.
For my precious friends Chukwuekwe Nwalor, Nkem, Amaka,Collins, Ozioma, Funke,Kenneth,Chioma,Oluchi,Loretta,Chidera,Ifeoma,Chijioke,Ifeanyi, Ugochukwu, Barachel ,Claribel, Ngozi,Vivian, Chinelo (my grandmother) and many other unnamed through whose advice, prayers, help and good ambience accorded me made this project a reality.
May the peace of god abide with you always. I acknowledge the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of divine grace, Mother of peace, Mother of perpetual help. And also all the heavenly Angels and Saints of God. ABSTRACT
This research study was primarily motivated by the researcher’s curiosity to examine the extent to which Trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies have negatively increased the rate with which these movies have proliferated Nigerian markets. The data gathered and the findings in this study are to serve as reference material for future researchers in the field of home movies production and Mass Communication. Also the methodology used in this research work was content analysis method which is defined as the scientific, objective and systematic investigation into the content of media document which includes books, films/ video content, magazines, newspaper and so on. The hypothesis were answered and tested. Also the limitation and significance of this study were highlighted and recommendations, based on the findings, were made.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Statement of the research problem
Objectives of the study
Significance of the study
Research questions
Research hypothesis
Conceptual and operational definitions of terms
Assumptions of the study
Limitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 Source of literature
2.2 .1 History and development of home movies
2.2.2 Movies and negative influence on culture
2.2.3 Movies as agent of attitude formation and behavioural change
2.2.4 Sanitizing the movie industries in Nigeria
2.3 Theoretical framework
2.4 Summary
References
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research methodology
3.2 Research design
3.3 Area of the study
3.4 Population of the study
3.5 Units of analysis
3.6 Measuring instrument
3.7 Validity of the instrument
3.8 Data analysis
3.9 Expected result
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Overview
4.2 Data presentation and analysis
4.3Test of hypothesis
4.4 Discussion of findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary and conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study, “Trends of Negative Themes in Nigerian Home Movies” aims at identifying the negative themes in Nigerian home movies, especially those that have their theme, plot, and setting in the rich culture of Nigeria. Even those that have Igbo,Yoruba or Hausa theme, plot, setting like the imported films negatively influence the culture and behaviour of Nigerian people. There is common belief in Nigeria, that home movies negatively project the culture of Nigeria. That is why Frank Aig-Imoukahuede in Opubor (1995:47) confirms that “many Nigerians have complained of the poisonous content of films shown on the screens in Nigeria a great number of people have criticized the nation’s television for featuring materials which contradict or erode the quality of life and undermines the people’s values and norms. What is needed are films for self projection, for presenting the fact of life in Nigeria. ” the study will be able to confirm or disprove the widely held view. The history of home videos has it that actual recording and presentation of actualities started with the Lumiere brothers experienced on December 28, 1895 when they achieved this by recording the “break time” in their factory. Dosumu(1995:17) averse that “when brothers Louis, and Auguste Lumiere unveiled their cinematographer in the basement of grand café in Paris on December 28, 1895, they no doubt felt satisfied that they found a new medium for recording and presentation of actualities. Recording actualities is what a documentary does and that is what the Lumiere brothers achieved by recording “break time” in the factory. The impact of the film medium on mankind has been great and varied; carrying ideals and aspirations beyond cultures. The development of film in Nigeria started with the colonial experience. The first film show took place at the Glover hall, Lagos on Monday august 12, lasted for 10 nights. Messrs. Bolboa of Barcelona Spain showed the film under the management of a Nigerian, Herbert Macaulay. Nevertheless film production started rather late. According to Balogun (1987:48), Obe was considered the first to have made a standard film production in Nigeria by making mute films for the health department in the year 1936. In 1947 the Nigerian government established the federal film unit. The unit produced mainly newsreels, and documentary films. In the fifties the film industry in Nigeria was dominated totally by foreigners and foreign films.
During this era, film shows were done in cinema halls, village squares, school and church premises among other locations. This public show of films, made it possible to show only films that were of “high technical quality”. With the advent of video cassettes, video compact disc (VCD) or the digital video disc (DVD), the old culture of going to the cinema centers and public arenas for film shows dropped. Children and adults now sit indoors glued to their TV sets. Then the era of home movies was born. Movies in English, Pidgin English, Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba flooded the market on daily basis.
It is pertinent to draw the attention of the minister of information and communication, Professor Dora Akunyili, to the arts industry in Nigeria. Only a fool will argue that the country’s arts and culture industry is insignificant in the nation’s re-branding. it has been established rightly that the movie industry of Nigeria (nollywood) is the biggest in Africa and comes third after Bollywood of India with the United States of America’s Hollywood in the forefront .yet a cursory look at the content of our home movies brands is good enough to keep well intentioned tourists and visitors out of our shoes. Over 90% of movies released in Nigeria, display perverted and negative impression about the country, where violence and afro-centric sciences of juju and ritualized killings dominated the scenes. At times, one wonders where the imaginations of the script writers spawn from; as a result of the kind of bizarre make belief movies they produce. Even a young Nigerian growing up under the influence of these images is bound to develop negative virtues about his environment and people.
It is therefore necessary for prof. Akunyili to put machinery in motion to correct these notions and bring some forms of sanity into the industry. As Huseini (2002:31) lamented; “ we need time to achieve this (sanity) because a lot of damage has been done already. Here is an industry where a fellow is probably because he cried in a movie and drew the sympathy of the viewing public or she appeared nude in movie”. One would then be compelled to ask, “does this negative influences of home movies bring about cultural and behavioural change?” Opubor et al (1995:1) answered this by saying that “ of all the media of communication, the motion picture has perhaps the most universal appeal and impact; a film can rise above the limitations of language, and cultural barriers by the power of its visual images, its use of music and sound effects and can succeed in conveying much the same message to audience of heterogeneous background”. What is then the ideal that the themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture Mere, Ada in Ikenga journal (1995:95) answered that; “traditionally the culture attach great importance to good moral living. In marriage contracts, in-laws vow not to participate in anti-social behavior towards each other. Hosts taste food presented to their visitors in demonstration of the absence of poison. The constant vindications of innocence in all aspects of social function results in the placement of a high premium on good moral and civil behaviour. In the society where relationships are on a personal intimate basis, societies which provide a system of checks and balance in behavior the culture of such a society of sanctions that limit overt deviant behavior are status determinants in Igbo society.”
The above-enumerated rich culture of Nigeria is hardly portrayed in Nigerian movies, even in films minded people whose main pre-occupation are drinks and girls. Their needs are simple and easily satisfied by cast off clothes scavenged from the dustbin. When he is bullied or robbed, it is by his own type; and as a group, easily resorts to violence in which crude weapons are used. That was why Aig-Imoukhuede (1985:49) revealed that “thirty years ago, Nigerian nationalist, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, led a protest against sanders of the river for its negative portrayal of the black man”. Arologun (1995:54) also laments that “today gangster films constitute about (80%) eighty percent of what we see on our cinema screens. In late fifties Ekotodo, a cinema house in Ibadan was infested with young men dressed in jeans and hats with scarves tied around their necks like the cowboy in American westerns films. Like the John Wayne type of the “wild, wild” west series on television. How did those men come about their dresses and occasional pranks? It was through the influences of films shown in theatres in Lagos and Ibadan. In fact Ekotodo soon sbecame a den of robbers, street fighters and rascals”. The present wave of violence, robbery and murder committed daily in Nigeria is likely to have been influenced by films own in home movies.
This study therefore, will investigate these trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies especially the under listed four selected movies; ZOZA, STREET FAME, THE DOGS MEETING, BEFORE THE RAIN STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Nigerian home movies assumed a lot of important in the area of entertainment and cultural transmission. This explains the time audience (both children and adults) spend watching movies in their homes or their frequent visit to video clubs. The behavioural pattern of people is formed by different factors in their environment. Home movies have entered as a novel part of the environment that has an over-powering influence since many of these Nigerian movies embody that tradition and culture of Nigerian if they are not of high technical or moral quality, they will influence their audience negatively. Those who do not have fair knowledge of the ideal culture are bound to imbibe the negative aspect unconsciously. Also the viewing of these movies will make people believe such practices as the culture or way of life of the people.
Thus, the central problem of this research study is to ascertain how the Trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect the Nigerian culture and influence it negatively. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To ascertain the extent to which the trends of themes in Nigeria home movies affect the Nigerian culture.
To determine if what is watched by the researcher is believed to be the ideal cultural practice of Nigeria.
To know if the contents of such movies are imbibed by both young and adult viewers.
To determine how to improve such situations. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Home movies as agents of cultural change have both audio and visual effects. These effects bring about attitude and behavior change. This research study intends to investigate the cause of these trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies.
The study will be useful in identifying the extent to which home videos flooding the market despoil the true fabrics of the Nigerian culture. It is, therefore, anticipated that the study will be useful to all those that watch Nigerian home movies.
It will also help to instruct producers to be conscious of the negative influences on younger generation and offer solutions to better ways of presentation of the cultural contents of Nigerian movies.
Finally the study would be useful to the government, movie industries, communication experts, students, researchers as well as parents in many ways.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
What themes do Nigerian home movies present? ii) Do the setting of Nigerian home movies affect them negatively iii) Are Nigerian home movies more concern with negative themes? iv) Do Nigerian home movies portray Nigerian culture negatively?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H1 : The negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture.
H0 : The negative themes in Nigerian home movies do not affect Nigerian culture.
H1 : the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigeria home movies make people imbibe the negative practice as ideal culture.
H0 : the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigeria home movies do not make people imbibe the negative practice as ideal culture. H1 : The trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture
H0: The trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies do not affect Nigerian culture
H1: The setting of Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture negatively. H0: The setting of Nigerian home movies do not affect Nigerian culture negatively.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TRENDS- conceptual: A general direction in which a situation is changing or developing.
Operational: the fast development of negative themes in Nigerian culture.
NEGATIVE- conceptual: power to affect somebody’s character belief or action through examples, fear and admiration.
Operational: absence of expression of positive character of Nigerian culture by Nigerian home movies. THEMES-conceptual: The subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art. Operational: they are the negative themes portray in Nigerian home movies
CULTURE- conceptual: improvement of mental faculties refined taste or judgment high intellectual and aesthetic development. State of intellectual, artistic, and social development of a group, type and degree of civilization. Social group characterized by a specified level of material achievements. Operational: the way of life, belief systems, habits and practices of the Igbo.
MOVIE- conceptual: motion pictures, cinema or films of substance for taking a photograph or a ribbon of celluloid or the like prepared with such a fine coating for taking instantaneous photographs for projection by cinematography.
Operational: the home movies- Zoza, Before the rain, Street fame, The dogs meeting.
ASSUMPTIONS
That the Nigerian viewing public both adults and youth watch local movies.
That the youth as well as adults could unconsciously imbibe what they see especially the negative aspects as current and old practices of the culture.
That Nigerian home movie tends to influence the culture of Nigeria negatively.
1.9 SCOPE/ LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study is limited to be studied under the content of four selected Nigerian home movies; ZOZA, BEFORE THE RAIN, THE DOGS MEETING, STREET FAME.
Due to time and financial constraints, the researcher could not go the extra mile to incorporate to watch all the movies that produced in Nigeria.

REFERENCES
Aig – Imuokhede, F. (1995), A National Film Industry:
Assessment of problems and suggested solutions; in the Development and growth of film industry in Nigeria in Alfred E. Opubor et al; Lagos, Third Press International.
Balogun, Francoise (1987), The Cinema in Nigeria. Enugu.Fourth Dimension publishers.
Dosumu, Sanya (1995), The Role of the film in cultural identity, in Opubor et al.
Hornby, A.S (2006) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Husemi, Sheibu (2007), “Keep your Money New Movies go on Break”, the Guardian Newspaper friday, pg 31 in Opubor, E. Alfred et al.
Mere, A. Ada (1974), social values heritage of the Igbo in Ikenge: Journal of African Studies, Nsukka, University of Nigeria Press, volume 11 No. 1 pg 95.
The Chambers Dictionary of the Twentieth Century.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SOURCE OF LITERATURE The data for this study came from secondary and primary data collection. The secondary data comprise the literature reviews which are the data that are available in published forms like books, journals newspapers, magazines, novels, movies and library reference materials. The literature reviews come under four subheads they are as follows:
1. History and development of movies
2. Movies and negative influence on culture
3. Movies as agent of attitude formation and change
4. Theoretical framework.
2.2.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOME MOVIES Home movies in the newest of the generally recognized mass media in Nigeria, though the film or motion picture has been in existence since the 19th century, it was on the reel and was used through projectors in cinema centres, market squares, schools, church premise and village squares to entertain and educate audiences. The first Nigerian films were made by film makers such as Ola Balogun and Hebert Ogunde in the 1960s but they were frustrated by the high cost of film production. However, televisions broadcasting in Nigeria begin in the 1960s and received much government support in its early years. By the mid-1980s every state had its own broadcasting station. Law limited foreign television content so producers in Lagos began television local popular theatre production. Many of these were circulated on rides as well, and a small scale informed video movies trade developed. The historical development of Home movies started with the discovery that the human eye retains an image for a fraction of a second longer then the picture actually appears. Okunna (1990) states that the existence of motion picture rests on the 1824 discovery that the human eye retains an image for a fraction of a second longer than the picture actually appears Bittner (1980:160) supports this and goes further to explain that in the twentieth century, this principle developed into motion pictures when the ability to capture moving visual image with the comers was perfected in 1888 by Thomas Edison. The development of film in Nigeria began during the colonial period. In the words of Ibie (1998:39) “the first film screening in Nigeria took place at Glover hall, Lagos on (10) ten consecutive nights from 12 August 1903. Also writing about early cinematograph exhibition in Nigeria, Mgbejume (1989:21) says “Monday August12, 1903 seven years after the birth of cinema was the day the first moving picture was shown to an excited Nigerian audience at Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos” The film was shown by Messrs. Balboa of Barcelona Spain under the management of a Nigerian, Herbert Macular. The advert of video compact disc (VCD) and digital video disc (DVD) changed the habit of the viewing public system of film production, and viewing arena. The film audiences stay in the comfort of their homes watching video. According to Balogun) 1987:48) “Home movies or indigenous film started in Nigeria during the period of 1970-80” full development of home movies was in the late 80s with the advent of VCD and DVD as earlier mentioned. People were no longer interested in viewing centre. They stayed indoors and watch home movies. Home movies in indigenous Nigeria language flood the market on daily basis. The previous content was no longer quality becomes a thing of the past. The first Nollywood films were produced with traditional analogue video, such as Betacam Sp, but today all Nollywood movies are produced using digital video technology. A March 2006 article in the guardian sites Nigeria film industry as the third largest in the world in terms to warnings, the proper cities unknown sources estimating the industry to bring in US and 200 million per year. Its success can be attributing to the Ghanaian films. Nollywood biggest competitor on the African continent is the Ghanaian film industry. And Nigeria film makers usually collaborated with Ghanaian actors and film maker. Van Vicker, a popular Ghanaian actor has starred in many Nigerian movies and famous Nollywood actress, Genevieve Nnaji has also starred in many Ghanaian films. One to their collaborations, Western viewers often times confused Ghanaian movies with Nollywood and count their sales as one; however. They are two different independent industries
2.2.2 MOVIES AND NEGATIVE INFLUENCE ON CULTURE Culture is the way of life of people. According to Okafor et al (1994:42) “culture is the characteristic spirit of a human grouping manifested in the totality of their way of life. It sets value system, the norms, the productive and creative horizons of the people” Every society has its way of socialization and association. These ways are embedded in the pattern or norms or more of the group. At times they are subsumed in the people culture. socialization according to sociologist servers such function as uncalculating basic discipline, such as respect for elders, normative order, helping the child to form a whole speculum of value system inducing proper and appropriate food habits, basic hygiene dressing, suiting ,mode and sense of community. This socialization order enhance favour association In the olden days, the family and the community were the only agents of socialization. Today however, several agents such as schools, churches, peer groups of a child and the mass media are now in the process of socialization. Thus process must be related to the psychological needs of the people and their ability to absorb, internalized and correctly interpret what is transmitted to them. According to sociologists and psychologists, unless this is done, socialization may because counterproductive and results in what is variously referred to as Culture under fire, “culture disorientation: alteration to culture: culture disorganization deterioration, culture deterioration, and spurious culture. For instance, culture is said to be under fire when it threaten the symbolic order, or when the symbolic order because vulnerable. This could occur through miss-representation of in Home movie. As pointed out by Ighighogho in Daily Survey June 8, 1995, it is no exaggeration to state that of all the modern agents of socialization, the home movies and cable satellite love the greatest influence on the social development of our youth, especially in our urban area. He further says that “through the home movies food habit foods (fashion) and other social habits including vice are life wholesales from the movies straight into our streets” Through the home movies most debased social vice as prostitution, violent crime-rape, murder, armed nobody, and secret cultism are transmitted to the people and they consciously or unconsciously imbibe these social vices. Some of these are conveyed not in their activities to the people, about through movies tricks and super imposition. Yet children and some adults take them as realities and are influenced by them.
Ousmane (A Senegalese film maker) in Opubor (1998) observed that currently “Cinema in Africa plays negative roles. The majority of films shown in Africa are products of cultural alienations. The danger inherent in the time movies s the likelihood of teenagers and ill on formed adults to embrace the more superficial aspect of values transmitted through the medium than the more positive values. It is true that culture is dynamic and subject to done for example using the Nigeria Home movies “Before the Rain” This movie direct by Ikechukwu Onyeka and produced in the year (2009) that has themes of nudity, greed, Jealousy and false life predominate. Anita and Mercy are best of friends from childhood till when they enter the university. Things start to change as parents not wealthy enough try their best to train their children even going to the stage of selling properties in order to see them through their education. Mercy not being content with what she has claimed to be the daughter of former minister Ojukwu just because her surname is Ojukwu. She starts following yahoo boys in making money to remain rich like Ojukwu daughter, flows bad friends. Her best friend Anita advises her unsuccessfully to stop the false life, but she stops associating with her because she is telling her the truth. Mercy also started going naked all in the name of fashion. This attitude is bad influence on Nigeria culture, all this things being act in movies are just for the acting sake but sometimes they are viewed by children who may want to put what they have seen in practice. Most youth only imbibe the fashion crase portrayed in these movies without picking the actual message and reaction originally intended. Because of this fashion of a thing young girls are being vulnerable to rape by men who lust after what they see. Home movies are the one of the greatest influence on people and also culture. It has positive and negative effect. The negative effect appears when it is been viewed by the wrong viewers for instance the movie “street fame” has a very big negative impact on arms and it has the themes of violence greed, jealousy, but its most powerful theme there is the theme of violence. This movie has the theme of violence; children are not meant to watch it because of the likelihood of their imitating it. All the costume that is made use of is foreign wears which is not part of the Nigeria tradition Dorr and Koveric (1992:72) supported this view when they said children who believe aggressively have increased preference for and relatively to violence, this goes to show that the attitude and behaviour of people who watch the Nigerian Home movie would be negatively affected by those negatives characters embodies in the movies. The movies “ZOZA” portray culture as an opportunity for the strong to oppress the innocent, weak and poor ones in the society, it describe Nigeria culture as being wicked culture and also people in the high class oppressing the poor ones. This movie is said to be based on a true story about a village called Okporo-dimotudu, which was drenched by calamity and disasters because the village had gone contrary to the law of their ancestors and goods. Whereby a king is killed out of jealously and greed by his second in command that wants to take over the throne of the land, Home movie are strong contender in the socialization rinses of people they convey aspects of culture of the people embodied in the movies. When the cultural content is negative, they convey the culture negatively. Also in this movie, the Igbo culture is describe as a culture that should not be questioned at all. It portrays so much fear in Nigeria culture being and customs. This movie “The Dogs Meeting” directed by Chika Onu has a negative influence on culture, people do hear of cultism, and ritual killing, but have not seen or experience them due to home movies people done. The act of killing in home movie is too much. Even going to the extent of serving another god in order to have money and be famous. The aim of film producers and directors are not to teach people bad thing but to teach them things that will help them. People are now missing the contact of films instead of learning from the good aspects they turn and start doing those things that are preached against. Even all these foreign movies that people due watch also affect the culture. Despite the quest to catch up with the West and satisfy the yearning of movie watchers. The theory of selecting demands that producer of home movie in Nigeria should desist from weaving obscene characteristics in most foreign cultures into the local production. Researchers have established that destruction of the culture of a people has a direct effect on health and longevity of the people.
2.2.3 MOVIE AS AGENT OF ATTITUDE FORMATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE Home movie occupy a central portion in communication due to the universal appeal and impact Opubor et al (1995) support this, when opined that of all the media of mass communication, the motion picture has perhaps the most universal appeal and impact. Properly concerned and executed, a film can rise above the limitations of language and cultural barriers by the power of it visual effects and can succeed in conveying much the same message to audience of heterogeneous background. Just like any influence, movies can have a good or a bad influence on the viewers. There are many types of movie out in the year 2009, these include; comedy, action, drama and many more. A movie could have a positive influence one person, but the same movie may have a negative influence on another person. There are many factors that determine if the movie will have a positive or negative influence on the viewer. These factors include; the age of the viewers, the maturity level of the viewer and their level of knowledge of the outside world. There are many movies out there; it is hard to pick and choose which movie are positive and which movie‘s negative. The positive and negative perception comes from the viewer who is viewing the movie. The movie Eye wide shut for example would be perfectly acceptable for a mature teen or an adult, where as it would be very unacceptable for public school children to view it, so the good presumption of a movie comes from the viewer. However, there are some movies that could send nothing but a positive message to anybody who like they are not alone. They also have the ability to make us laugh when we are sad. For every positive there is usually a negative and this does not change when it comes to movie. There are many of gone violence, and nudity. There are nothing wrong with these movies the problem with movie is sometimes the wrong viewers view them, but when it is view by adult who will understand that they are just movie, things will not be going wrong the way it is now. A child watch a movie with lot of violence may think it is all right to act violently. Rotha (1949:280) lends credence to this when he says that “films should appeal to the supposedly target proportion of any film audience and hence, that their intellectual value s should consider with the common factor of public though” Castly (1968:97) Under scored the same point when he said “movie is the only art beside music that is available to the whole world at once, exactly as it was first made”. He stressed further that, it is only art involving language that can be enjoyed in a language which is ignorant” for those reasons, movies especially when they are rendered in the language of the audience play large part information of attitude, belief and ideas because we will incorporate, perceive and mediate realities back in our live. Arulogun (1995:29) rightly exposed how Home movie have contributed to attitude formation and behavioural change of Nigerians, though negatively when he says, “Today gangster films constitute about eight percent of what we see on our cinema screens. In late fifties, Ekotodo a cinema house in Ibadan was infected with young men dressed in jeans and hats with scarves tied round their necks. How did they come about their dress and occasional pranks? It was through the influence of films shown in theatres in Lagos and Ibadan. In fact Ekotodo soon becomes a den of robber’s street fighters and rascals. He went further to speculate that films shown in our Home movie should likely have influenced the present waves of violence, robbery, and murder-committed daily in this country. He advised that the new Nigeria movie should not wear a Hollywoodian Togo. Okenwa (2002:24) stated categorically “The mass media (movie inclusive) should change strongly held values”. These values are negative or dangerous values. He stated further that the mass media should affect attitude” thus confirms the opinion that home movie are contrail in attitude formation and canalizing which is the further of behavioural change. According to Gorfon Allport (1964), “Attitude is moral state or readiness organized through experience exerting a directive of dynamic influence upon the individual to all objectives and situation with which it is related” Igbinedon (1988) a communication expert also sees attitude as a way of thinking, of feeling towards something”. In view of this, there is implicit assumption by scholar that change in the attitude therefore brings about a change in behaviour, so people’s attitude and behaviour tends to reflect those of the characters in the movie they watch as earlier stressed by Adegboyeya. To further buttress this point, Bandara and Ross (1988) in Igbinedon “Mass communication in Nigeria concluded that people who watch aggressive programs are likely to be aggressive Dorr and Koveric (1992”72) support thus view when they said “children who beloved aggressively have increased preference for and reactively to violence. This goes to show that the attitude and behaviour of Nigerian who watch the Nigerian Home movie would be negative affected by those negative characteristics embodied in the movie.
2.2.4 SANITIZING THE MOVIE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA In the western countries (Europe and America) video tape are carefully labeled and classified as either matured audience for adult only, general viewing, or x-rated. This is scarcely practiced in Nigeria. Hear what Aig-lmoukhuede says, “films with local nuances become restricted in exhibition outside their area of origin, but it is not so in Nigeria. In fact it is common sight in our urban towns to see children gather in front of video clubs watching the most depreciable violent movie. Husein Shaihu (200) lamented; “we need time to achieve this (sanity) because a lot of damage has been done already. There is an industry where a fellow is celebrated probably because he coined in a movie and draws sympathy of the viewing public or she appeared nude in movie Encomium magazine, February 2000 edition page 28 complains movie industries in Nigeria are in the hand of people who do not know the basics of drama, they don’t think about the damage they are doing to the psychologist of the going ones who would eventually watch the movie”. However, steps are being taken to sanitize the Nigeria movie industry. The creation of the National film and video censors board by Decree No.85 of 1993 was the first step, the board was constituted to register censor, classify, monitor and regulate the screening of local and foreign films in the country the earlier attempt, the cinematographic Act of 1963 that was amended in 1964 has become obsolete in view of the rapid development of the censor board. Mr. Ademola James was quoted as saying that we all know that most of these films motivate and promote social and moral indiscipline in our society. Yet we have seen to be receiving them with wide open arms as if they are a welcome development”. He admonished that we must not fail positively by unwitting or deliberately bequeath to our children a culture of indecency, obscenity, sadism crime and violence through films and movie works, these vice are highly impressible and imitates by children when viewed in movie. The Nigeria censor Board should work hand in hand with the Nigeria copyright and film piracy board to enforce the Decree 85 of 1993, which makes it criminal offences to exhibit hire, sell land or supply commercial video recording and films that have been classified by the board as absence
2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS Okunna (1999:160) defined theory as a “set of interested principles or observation put together to explain or clarify an aspect of reality or a phenomenon” while MC Quail (1987:4) defines a theory as a set of ideas of varying phenomenon. According to Oxford Dictionary theory is the general principles of an art or science contrasted with practice Mass media, which include the movie, have many of such theories. They include the socialization theory, the learning process theory, the cultural norms theory, the selection perception theory, the attitude development theory and projective reflective theory. These theories are formulated based on researches carried out by experts on attitude formation, behavioural characteristic of a group, and individual, towards the media and mass media contents. Okafor et al (1994:42) says that the socialization has to do with established way of life based on established pattern of be behaviour or norms. This socialization process is the primary duty of Home movie. Some of the reasons why film producers produce films and sell them are to expose their creative ideas, to Make money/profit (earn a living), show what reality is, that is the society and most importantly, as a source of entertainment to the audience. These are based on the learning process of the audience. This is because, what they see or watch is what they learn either knowing or not knowing the learning process theory. Okenwa (2002:22) explains the cultural norms theory states that the mass media through selective presentation and emphasis on certain themes create impression among the audience, that common cultures norms concerning the emphasized topics are structured or defined in specific way. That is the position we are stressing, that the presentation and emphasis of certain themes in Nigerian home movies are a deviation from this theory. They crate negative impression among the audience. Many theories abound in every communication as film which as mass medium is used to convey messages to the audience and some of the uses to which the audience put the media messages. The main focus of the study will be hinged on the cultural norms theory because it shows the best way the themes of movies should be selectively presented to avoid negative influence on cultures. Cultural norms theory is a theory of mass communication, which suggests that the mass media selectively presents and emphasize certain contemporary ideas or values. According to the theory, the mass media influences norms by reinforcing or changing them. E.g. the cultural norms theories argue that TV programs presenting on active life style for older people can change the attitude of viewer in that direction.
2.4 SUMMARY Mere (1995) assertion could be cited as a tentative summary to the study. She Opines “Nigerian culture is today functioning in a setting of values traditional culture and foreign values. Contact with West, urbanization and industrialization introduced and institution are fell everywhere through to varying degree. In the study, we have been able to show that Home movies are strong contenders in the socialization process of people. They convey aspect of culture of the people embodied in the movie. When the cultural content is negative, they convey the culture negatively. However, Nigerians are aware of the corruptive influence of some movies, produced and peddled locally hence, the government should encourage the National film and video censors board to enforce Decree No. 85 of 1993. The literatures have given an insight into the subject matter of this research, thus, revealing the possibility of trends of negative themes in Nigerian theme movies and how it affects Nigerian culture.

REFERENCE
Okunna, Chinyere Stella (1999); Introduction to mass communication, Enugu New Generation Books
Bittner, John R. (1980); Mass Communication An Introduction New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc; A Divison of Simon and Schuster Engle wood cliffs.’
Ibie, Owen Nosa (1998); How video Developed in Nigeria; 1/1998
The journal of human Communication: A Journey of the pacific and Asian Communication Association, 2009, Vol. 10 No3 pp. 231-242:- Uchenna Onuzulike.
Adewope, A (2005, Dec) Nigerian film industry grows, 25, 7, Article channel (2006) Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
Mbiti, J. S. (1999) African Religious and Philosophy. Oxford England Heinemann Educational publisher.
Mgbejune, Onyenro (1989), film in Nigeria, Nairobi, African council for communication Education.
Opubor, E Alfred, and Nwunali, E. Onwura (1995); The states, Role and Future of the Film Industry in Nigeria, Lagos, Third press International.
Igbinedion, Joseph (1988); “Audience Attitude towards Film on Nigeria Television” In Mass Communication in Nigeria, Enugu Fourth Dimension Publishers. Aig – Imuokluede, Frank op cit pg 29. Economic magazine, February 2000 edition, “Mo 47 Industry in Nigeria page 28.
Okunna, C. Stella (1999), op cit
Mere, A. Ada (1974); “social values Heritage of the Igbo” Ikenga journal on African studies, Nsukka, University Press, Volume 11 No. 1
Agbata, N. Ifeanyi (2000); Igbo films: A Negative or positive portrayed of the Igbo culture” (unpublished work)
HYPERLINK "http://www.articlechick.com/Article/The-History%20of%20Home%20Movies-1943" http://www.articlechick.com/Article/The-History of Home Movies-1943 9/12/2009
Oxford Advance learner’s Dictionary of current English Seventh (7th) Edition. Nigeria Home Movie; before the Rain, Zoza, street fame, the Dogs meeting.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research method that is being applied by a researcher in any course of study is determined by the nature of the research problem and the objective of the study. Therefore in order to measure effectively the amount of the Trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies and how it affects Nigerian culture. The content analysis method will be used by the researcher. Content analysis is the process of studying the manifest content of a material of course for a purpose. The research method systematically studies and analyses communication content in an objective qualitative and quantitative manner with a view to discovering the characteristics in the document (movie content).
In this study, a comprehensive analysis of movies content will be done in order to find how trends of negative themes in Nigeria home movies affect Nigerian culture. According to Okigbo, “content analysis is a research method for arriving at dependable solutions to questions dealing with prevalent patterns, nature and style of media content videos. The choice of this method was made because it is most appropriate for study of such variables like storyline and portrayal.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is the structure and strategy for obtaining a reliable and valid result after the researcher has watch the movies involve. The researcher will endeavour to ensure that the analysis is systematic. He will ensure that the content to be analyzed is selected according to the rules of random sampling.
The content of four home movies will be analyzed. They are ZOZA, street fame, before the rain, the dogs meeting.
3.3 AREA OF STUDY
The area of study of this research is under the negative influence of home movies themes on Nigeria culture.
3.4 POPULATION OF STUDY the researcher wants to find out the negative influence of home movies themes on Nigeria culture. The study is targeted on Nigerian four home movies: ZOZA, Street fame, before the dogs meeting.
3.5 UNITS OF ANALYSIS
The sample size took note on homemade videos produced in Nigeria. The content to be analyzed is:
A) Themes- under the themes of home movies, the researcher will look at the themes of 1) violence: the researcher will look at the use of gun, matchet, robbery etc.
2) Nudity: the occurrences of immoral dressing and exposure of vital parts of the artistes bodies.
3) Ritual: the occurrence of killing people for the purpose of making money.
4) False life: the occurrence of people pretending to be what they are not. 5) Jealousy
6) Greed
7) and some positive themes like love, forgiveness etc.
B) The genre of presentation- the researcher will look at the music background, urban setting, rural setting, visual quality, audio quality, message, and characterization.
C) The costumes: the contents to be analyzed under costume are the foreign costume against Nigerian cultural costume.
D) The setting: under setting, the researcher will look at the urban cities with mansions, the rural areas with traditional/ costumes and huts.
E) The negative portrayal of Nigerian home movies on Nigerian culture.
3.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENT the content categories already defined will be used as a measuring instrument for collection of data. The content analysis is based on observation that is, watching the four home movies listed. Also data was collected using the measuring instrument as a guide and the coding sheet was used for a collation of data. The collection was done using item frequency count based on the sample. The coding sheet will be carefully prepared for this study.
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive analysis statistics will be used such as frequency distribution and percentage to organize the data. The chi-square analytical tool will be to test for the significance of the data and to make inferential statements of the population from which the data will be drawn.
3.8 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT The instrument used in this research work is valid because of its direct applicability to the course of this study. It is also valid in the sense that it enables the researcher to obtain quick but accurate information without much difficulty.
3.9 EXPECTED RESULT In this course of study, it is expected to show the way Nigerian home movies negatively influence Nigerian culture. The researcher intends to use the chi-square goodness of fit test to test the authenticity of the assumption as well as the hypothesis formed earlier in this course of study. It is therefore expected that the researcher will spot and express the negative aspects of the Nigerian home movies which have negative influence Nigerian culture.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 OVERVIEW:
In the chapter, the researcher analyzed and discussed the data gathered in respects of the problem of this study. The researcher analyzed the variables gotten through observation. In this study, four Nigerian home movies content were analyzed to determine how the negative content influence culture.
The data generated were analyzed using simple percentage and inferential statistic. The chi-square statistical tools will be used to test the hypothesis for significance. 4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Tabular presentation of data and descriptive analysis of the items in table 4.2.1 below.
Frequency distribution table of themes under the Nigerian home movies viewed by the researcher.
TABLE 4.2.1

THEMES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Violence
14
11.67

Nudity
30
25

Greed
12
10

Ritual
20
16.67

Jealousy
10
8.33

Love
12
10

Forgiveness
12
10

False life
10
8.33

Total
120
100%

The table above shows the frequency distribution of themes under the home movies. the theme of violence which occurs 14 times has 11.67%, nudity 30 that has the highest occurrences is made up of 25%, greed 12 is made up of 10%, ritual theme 20 has 16.67%, jealousy that which occurs 10 times has 8.33%, love theme represented by 12 has 10 and finally forgiveness theme made up to 10 occur 12 times.
Frequency distribution table on the genre of presentation and production characterization
TABLE 4.2.2

GENRE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Music background
15
12.5

Visual quality
15
12.5

Audio quality
13
10.83

Urban setting
26
21.67

Rural setting
15
12.5

Message
20
16.67

Characterization
16
13.33

Total
120
100%

For the genre of presentation production characterization the music background 15 made up 12.5%, visual quality that has 15 is made up of 12.55%, audio quality rep[resented by 13 made up 10.83%, urban setting made up 21.67% has 26, rural setting made up 12.5% has 15, message made up 16.67% that has 20 and characterization made up to 13.33% that is 16.
Frequency distribution table on the costume used- The foreign costume against cultural costume
TABLE 4.2.3
COSTUME
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Foreign costume
85
70.83

Cultural costume
35
29.17

Total
120
100%

The above frequency distribution table 4.2.3 on the costume. The foreign costume against cultural costume. The foreign costume made up to 70.83% that is represented by 85 and cultural costume made up to 2 9.17 that has 35.
Frequency distribution table on the setting of Nigerian home movies
TABLE 4.2.4
SETTING
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Urban cities with modern cars and mansions
75
62.5

Rural areas with traditional costumes and huts/houses
45
37.5

Total
120
100%

The frequency distribution table on the setting of home movies in Nigeria. The urban cities with modern cars and mansions made up 62.5% represented by 75 and the rural areas with costumes and traditional houses were 45 representing 37.5%.
Frequency table on the negative and positive portrayal of Nigerian culture in Nigerian home movies
TABLE 4.2.5
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PORTRAYAL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Jealousy
14
11.67

Greed
17
14.17

Love
20
16.67

Forgiveness
17
14.17

False life
30
25

Ritual
22
18.33

Total
120
100%

To find out the negative and positive portrayal of Nigerian culture in Nigerian home movies. Jealousy represented by 14 made 11.67%, greed were 17 represented by 14.16%, love represented by 20 made up to 16.67%, forgiveness 17 representing 14.17%, false life has 30 which made up to 25% and finally the portrayal of ritual has 22 which made up to 18.33%.
4.3 HYPOTHESES TESTING
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 1
H1 Nigerian home movies portray Nigerian Culture negatively.
H0 Nigerian home movies do not portray Nigerian Culture negatively.
In the unit of analysis No 5 question is going to be used to test the acceptability or rejection of the null hypothesis as against the alternative.
No 5 question: the negative and positive portrayal of Nigerian culture in Nigerian home movies.
Frequency table on the negative and positive portrayal of Nigerian culture in Nigeria home movies.

TABLE 4.3.1
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PORTRAYAL
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Jealousy
14
11.67

Greed
17
14.16

Love
20
16.67

Forgiveness
17
14.17

False life
30
25

Ritual
22
18.33

Total
120
100%

TABLE 4.3.1
COMPUTATION OF X2
OBSERVATION
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
(O-E)2 E

Jealousy
14
60
-46
2116
35.3

Greed
17
60
-43
1849
30.8

Love
20
60
-40
1600
26.7

Forgiveness
17
60
-43
1849
30.8

False life
30
60
-30
900
15

Ritual
22
60
-38
1444
24.1

total
120

162.7

X2 = 162.7
K-1=this is the formula on probability level (i.e. constant table)
DF= 6-1=5
5 on the constant table on 0.05=11.070
Since the calculated chi-square is greater than the table value that is 162.7< 11.070. We accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which states that Nigerian home movies portray Nigerian culture negatively and reject the null hypothesis (H0).
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 2
H1 The trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture
H0 The trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies do not affect Nigerian culture
In the unit of analysis, question No. 1is going to be used
Question: themes under the four home movies viewed by the researcher
TABLE 4.3.2
THEMES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Violence
14
11.67

Nudity
30
25

Greed
12
10

Ritual
20
16.67

Jealousy
10
8.33

False life
10
8.33

Love
12
10

Forgiveness
12
10

Total
120
100%

COMPUTATION OF X2
TABLE 4.3.2
OBSERVATION
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
(O-E)2 E

Violence
14
60
-46
2116
35.26

Nudity
30
60
-30
910
15

Greed
12
60
-48
2304
38.4

Ritual
20
60
-40
1600
26.7

Jealousy
10
60
-50
2500
41.6

False life
10
60
-50
2500
41.6

Love
12
60
-48
2304
38.4

Forgiveness
12
60
-38
2304
38.4

Total
120

275.36

X2 =275.36
K-1=n
DF=8-1=7 n=7 7 on the constant table on 0.05 =14.067
Decision rule
Since the calculated chi-square is greater than the table value that is
275.36 > 14.067
We accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which states that the trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture and reject the null hypothesis (H0).
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 3
H1 the setting of Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture negatively.
H0 the setting of Nigerian home movies do not affect Nigerian culture negatively.
No. 4 question in unit of analysis will be used.
No. 4: The setting of Nigerian home movies
TABLE 4.3.3
SETTINGS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Urban cities with modern cars and mansions
75
62.5

Rural areas with traditional costumes and huts/houses
45
37.5

120
100%

TABLE 4.3.3
COMPUTATION OF X2
OBSERVATION
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
(O-E)2 E

urban cities with modern cars and mansions
75
60
15
225
3.75

Rural areas with traditional costumes and hut/houses
45
60
-15
225
3.75

120

7.5

X2 =7.5
K-1=n
2-1=1 n=1 1 on probability level i.e. constant table
DF= 2-1=1
1 on the constant table on 0.05=3.841
Decision rule
Since the calculated chi-square is greater than the table value that is 7.5 > 3.841
We accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which states that the setting of films in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture negatively and reject the null hypothesis denoted by H0.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 4
H1 the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigerian home movies makes people imbibe the negative practice as ideal culture.
H0 the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigerian home movies do not make people imbibe the negative practice as ideal culture.
No.3 question in unit of analysis will be use the frequency Distribution table on the costume used the foreign against costume.
TABLE 4.3.4
COMPUTATION OF X2
OBSERVATION
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
(O-E)2 E

Foreign costume
85
60
25
625
10.41

Cultural costume
35
60
-25
625
10.41

Total
120

20.82

X2 =0.82 k-1=n 2-1=1 n=3.841 on probability level on 0.05 df=2-1=1 1=3.841
Decision rule
Since the calculated chi-square is greater than the table value that is 20.82>3.841
We accept the alternative hypothesis H1 which states that the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigerian home movies makes people imbibe the negative practice as ideal culture.
4.4 DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS
The result on this study is “food for thought” for Nigerian home movies producers, government, parents and all Nigerian. It was an interesting revelation on whether the Trends of the negative themes in Nigerian home movies really affect Nigerian culture
From the data analyses from observation, the findings in this study showed that Nigerian home movies embody themes and contents that is negative representation of Nigerian culture. As we saw in table 1, 80% representative accepted this as being true while 20% only has positive themes and influences.
Also in table 3, it indicated that the use of foreign costume represented by 70.8% brings to the negative portrayal of Nigerian culture by Nigerian home movies which make people imbibe the negative practices consciously or unconsciously and remaining 29.17% only represent the Nigerian cultural costume which is supposed to be higher.
Finally, in the setting of Nigerian \home movies the producers make use of urban setting including the modern cars and mansions which was represented by 62.5%that has been observed and make less use of rural area setting which includes traditional costumes and huts in presenting movies which was represented by only 37.5%.
The revelations imply that the trends of negative themes in Nigerian home movies affect Nigerian culture.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION It has been proved in this research study that home movies are strong agents to attitude formation and behavioural change. The cultivation theory of the media according to Okenwa (2002:36), “assumes that the more time people spend watching television the more their world views will be like those spread by the television”. Home movies do the same thing that their communication expert says about the television. Home movies occupy a unique position in communication as well as entertainment that the influences on people’s belief system have been tremendous. The finding in this research reveal that 90% observation by the researcher were of the view that home movies have negative influence on Nigerian culture. Even though the home movies producers may be ready to give flimsy excuses that they are acting on events that happen in the society, yet the main problem of this study was that the scenes or content of the Nigerian home movies embody negative representation of culture, therefore tend to influence peoples culture negatively. This was validated in this research. Home movies are also loaded with obscenity and features, which youth and some adults and also children imbibe consciously and unconsciously which are at variance with the Nigerian cultural heritage.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Nigerian home movies producers are more interested in the monetary gains they get from their business. For the purpose of entertaining the zealous audience, the movies producers load all sort of obscenity in their products, not minding the effect. Thus corruptive influence pass directly or indirectly to the audience especially the youths and growing up children. This should be a national concern as suggested by the researcher to suggest way of solving the cultural deterioration that emanates from the influence. The film (movie) industry should be sanitized by joint effort of the Nigeria ministry of information, national orientation agency, Non Governmental Organization (NGO), parents, and institutions of higher learning. Also, the teaching of different cultural values in Nigeria should be included in the primary and post primary curriculum in Nigeria. Moreover people should constitute a committee that research more into these negative influences, conduct seminars and conferences sponsor bills to the national assembly so that Nigeria censor board should be restructured to save her from the slumber and grows new sets of teeth to bite and not only bark. This will give the film censor board the needed strength to dust decree no. 85 of 1993, constitution and use it on any film producer that violates the provisions of this decree. Finally, this research study, which centered on the audience reactions, will be more menacingly if carried out in a wider scale and its publications made public. The findings will then become more authentic and authoritative, and as such beneficial to the Nigerian home movies producers. Thus, it would be capable of aiding the censor’s board or the government in formulating policies on home movies production. It would help the home movies producers know. The feelings of their audience, what entertain them, and what goes beyond entertainment into negative culture influence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Aig – Imuoklede, F. (1995), A National Film Industry: Assessment of problems and suggested solution; in the Development and growth of film industry in Nigeria by Alfred E. Opubor et al;
Lagos, Third Press International.
Alan, Casty (1968), “The Mass Media And Man”; California, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Asika, Nnamdi (1999), “Research Methodology In Behavioural Sciences” Lagos, Meshico Enterprises Limited.
Balogun, Francoise (1987), “The cinema in Nigeria” Fourth Dimension Publishers .
Bittner, John R. (1980), “Mass Communication An Introduction” New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc. A Division of Simon and Schuster Engle wood cliffs
Chambers Dictionary of the Twentieth cent.
Chukwumeka: Emma (2002), “Research method And Thesis Writing”, Enugu, Hope Rising Ventures Publishers
Dorr and Koveric (1992), “T.V. and Exceptional Child”, New Jersey, Lawrence, Edhaum Associates Inc. publishers
Dosumu, Sanya (1995), “The Role of the Film in cultural identify in Development and growth of film Industry
Hornby, A.S (2006) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Igbinedion, Joseph (1988); “Audience Attitude towards Film on Nigeria Television” In Mass Communication in Nigeria, Enugu Fourth Dimension Publishers.
Mgbejune, Onyenro (1989), film in Nigeria, Nairobi, African Council for Communication Education.
Okenwa, S. Nnamdi; (2000) “Mass Communication theories and realities” Enugu: Bismark.
Okunna, Chinyere Stella (1999); Introduction to mass communication, Enugu: New Creation Books.
Opubor, E Alfred, and Nwunali, E. Onwura (1995); The states, Role and Future of the Film Industry in Nigeria, Lagos, Third press International.
OruIogun, Adegboyeya (1995), “The Role of the Film in cultural identity in Nigeria” Enugu Thirth press international .
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Rotha, Paul (1949), “The film till now. A survey of world cinema, London, Vision Press ltd
JOURNALS, GAZETTE, NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINE AND ARTICLES Encomium Magazine, February 2000 Edition, Movie Industry in Nigeria. Ighighoho, Tubman (1995), “Foreign movies and Culture” Daily source. June 8
Mere, A. Ada, (1974), Social values Heritage of the Igbo
Ikenga Journal of African studies, Nsukka, University press, Volume 11 No. 1

UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Ogbuoshi, Linus I. (2003), “Data Analysis” Lecture note.
Obasi, Ferdinand (2009), “Data Analysis in communication Research”
INTERNET WORKS http://www.articlechick.com//Article/the-History-ofHome-movies-/1943 9/12/2009
Stock, Robert. “Nigeria”. Microsoft Encarta 2009{DVD}. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.
Sklar, Robert. “History of motion picture”.Microsoft®Encarta®2009 [DVD], Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008
NIGERIAN HOME MOVIES
Before the Rain
Zoza
Street Fame
The Dogs Meeting

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