...http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular-male#full-description The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Muscle tissue is also found inside of the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels. In these organs, muscles serve to move substances throughout the body.... Muscular System Anatomy Muscle Types There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral, cardiac, and skeletal. 1. Visceral Muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind. The term “smooth muscle” is often used to describe visceral muscle because it has a very smooth, uniform appearance when viewed under a microscope. This smooth appearance starkly contrasts with the banded appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. 2. Cardiac Muscle. Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle....
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...Osteoporosis is a bone disease. Osteoporosis is a bone disease that can get worse over time. It can cause you to lose bone mineral density and bone mass, which can cause your bones to become fragile. You may not realize this is happening in your body because you can't feel your bones getting weaker. A 84 years old women with thin, small boned can has a broken bone at any time. Because of the weakness and she can also experience a fracture that wouldn’t occur in normal bone. Usually the symptoms of osteoporosis may not be visible unless she breaks her bone. The woman has a low bone mineral density. There is no cure for osteoporosis. She needs to control avec precautions her movement. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease. As we get old we are exposed to have osteoarthritis. A female with 84 years is already inflammatory of her joint. Osteoarthritis can be cause by infection in the joint, chronic gout and rheumatoid disease. It can be genetic .It can be genetic for example someone who is born with sickle cell disease affect it can promote the breakdown. It can also be cause by an abnormal anatomy or bad nutrition. The old lady needs to do repetitive movement. A muscle without workout or movement can atrophy. We need to keep our body movement. The lady needs to give a chance to her muscle to contract. She needs therapist . When the biceps muscle is not moving and there is not force in the muscle. Normally our muscle role is to contract. If there is not contraction our muscle fills...
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...Health 1: Electronic literature Search Bone Formation Absence of bone sialoprotein (BSP) impairs primary bone formation and resorption: the marrow ablation model under PTH challenge. Wade-Gueye NM, Boudiffa M, Vanden-Bossche A, Laroche N, Aubin JE, Vico L, Lafage-Proust MH, Malaval L. Source: INSERM U1059/SFR IFRESIS, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France. Abstract: Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is highly expressed in early bone deposition and may play a part in primary bone mineralization. We previously showed that while BSP−/− mice have a mild secondary bone phenotype and are responsive to mechanical (unloading) and hormonal (ovariectomy, parathyroid hormone (PTH)) challenges, repair of a cortical bone defect, which involves primary bone deposition is significantly delayed in these mice. In the present study, we investigated the role of BSP in a pure model of primary bone modeling. Bone marrow was ablated by trans-epiphysis aspiration in the femora of BSP+/+ and BSP−/− mice, and 7 days post surgery μCT analysis showed vigorous new bone formation in the shaft of BSP+/+ animals but much less in BSP−/− mice. After 14 days, the volume of medullary bone was significantly decreased as expected in BSP+/+ mice, while it remained stable in the BSP−/−. Osteoid thickness and surface were higher in BSP−/− at day 7, suggesting delayed mineralization, while osteoclast surface and number were significantly lower at day 14, a stage of high medullary bone resorption. At day 7, mRNA expression...
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...INTRODUCTION: The skeletal muscle is an important organ in the human body that allows for movement and support of the skeleton, helping the body execute various tasks from precise control movements (writing a letter or picking up a chalk) to more abrupt, powerful movements (lifting weights or running). The skeletal muscle is one of the main types of muscle in the body (the other two being cardiac and smooth muscles) that allows movement by contraction of the muscles. When a motor unit, a single nerve that innervates all the muscle fibers, activates these muscles fiber, it causes a muscle contraction. These muscle contraction occurs when motor neurons from the spinal cord leaves and activates multiple muscle fibers, the number of muscle fibers depend on the type of muscle. According to the Hennemen size principle, muscles that react rapidly and exert fine control have smaller motor units than those with larger, weight-involving muscles, whose movements are less precise, will require larger motor units. The means of movement and force generation is based on the skeletal muscles contraction. Contractile units of the skeletal muscles include thick myosin and thin actin myofillaments or fillaments. Sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber. The repetition of the sarcomere structure make up myofibrils and hundreds to thousands of these myofibrils make up a single muscle fiber (Sherwood 258). Contraction is initiated by an increased in the intracellular calcium...
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...We all know that the skeletal system provides structural support and the formation to the body while The Joints allow the skeleton to be supple for movements along with the support of the muscles providing the force and strength to move our body. Together, all these elements shape our musculoskeletal system and allow us to perform our everyday physical activities. Researchers know that both genes and the environment contribute to bone health. While genes largely decide some elements of bone wellness, outside factors, such as diet and physical activity, are critically very important to bone health throughout a person’s life. In the medical field it is a fact that the growth of our skeletal bones and the role it plays as a mineral reservoir, and a home for marrow, depends on the circulating hormones that travel throughout the human body and reacts to changes in blood calcium and phosphorus. If these two minerals are in diminutive supply, those regulating hormones will take them out of the bone to serve other vital functions in our body systems. Too many withdrawals can deteriorate the bone, and that’s why the maintenance of constant level of calcium in the blood as well as adequate supply of phosphorus and calcium in cells is critical for the function of all body organs. Genetic issues can produce thin weak bones, or ones that are thick, and the outcome of nutritional deficiencies can result in under mineralized and fragile bone. As I have mentioned earlier bones are a part...
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...Tuesday, January 13, 2015 BIO 262! Axial Skeleton - Quick Review! • Anatomical position! • Body planes! - Sagittal! - Frontal! - Transverse! • Directional terms! • Landmarks! - Axial—skull/thoracic cage/vertebral column! - Cephalic— head! - Cervical—neck! - Abdominal—abdomen! - Pelvic— pelvic region! - Dorsal—back! - General skeletal system! • Bone! • Cartilage! • Ligaments! • Joints! • 206 Avg. bones for adult! • Babies bone with more bones then later in life they fuse together. Approx. 270 when born.! - Function! 1 Tuesday, January 13, 2015 • Support! • Protection! • Muscle Attachment! • Reservoir for minerals—Calcium stored in bones! • House bone marrow for blood cell production! - Divisions! • Appendicular ! • Axial (80 bones)! - Skull (22)! - Associated (7)! • 6 Auditory ossicles! • Hyoid bone! - Vertebral column! - Thoracic cage! - Skull! • Facial bones (14)! - Maxilla (above the lip)! • Alveoli— sockets your teeth sit in! - Mandible (jaw bone)! • Alveoli— sockets your teeth sit in! - Nasal bones (bridge of your nose)! - Lacrimal bones (around the eyes)! - Palatine bone! - Zygomatic! - Nasal concha (3 on each side)! • Inferior (next to vomer) (facial), middle (cranial), superior (cranial)! 2 Tuesday, January 13, 2015 • Middle/superior—bone makings on ethmoid bone. (part of cranial bones)! • Cranial bones (8)! - Frontal bone (1)! - Parietal bone (2)! - Occipital (1)! - Temporal (2)! - Ethmoid— olfactory foramen, crista galli, cribriform plate! •...
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...NAME: __________________________________ Class Period: ________ Anatomy & Physiology Case Study Assignment #3 For the following questions, please attach your answers to this sheet and submit it on the Skeletal System exam day. This assignment is worth 100 points towards your grade. Each correct answer is worth 10 points. All answers must be typewritten. Please be as complete and thorough as possible. You must attach a bibliography in MLA format with your references. Failure to do so will result in a 40 point deduction from your grade. DO NOT ‘CUT AND PASTE’ FROM THE INTERNET—I want to read YOUR ideas, concepts and responses! History #1: A 72-year-old woman presented to her physician with back pain that radiated laterally to the flanks. Upon examination, her physician noticed a pronounced kyphosis of her vertebral column. Radiographs revealed vertebral compression fractures in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions. Bone densitometry showed significant loss of bone mineral density. The patient was diagnosed with senile osteoporosis. The patient was prescribed Fosamax (Alendronate Sodium). 1. What is “senile osteoporosis” and how does it differ from “post-menopausal osteoporosis?” 2. How would you describe a pronounced kyphosis of the vertebral column? 3. BRIEFLY describe the process of bone resorbtion. 4. What cell type is responsible for bone resorbtion? 5. How would you expect the drug Fosamax (Alendronate Sodium) to affect osteoclasts...
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...available to perform cellular work Aerobic Metabolism/Cellular Respiration -Occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen -C612O6+Oxygen->CO2+H2O+36 ATP -Used with prolonged activities which maintain a constant heart rate -as long as there is enough oxygen Anaerobic Metabolism/Glycolysis -Sometimes your muscles will temporarily run out of O2 -C6H12O6-> lactic acid + 2 ATP -Used when large amounts of ATP are used for exercise about 90 seconds long -Anaerobic Metabolism/Creatine Pathway -utilizes stored energy from Creatine phosphate -Creatine phosphate + ADP -> Creatine + 1 ATP -Used at the beginning of exercise before other pathways kick in -enough energy for about 10 seconds contraction How does the microscopic structure of you skeletal system relate to its function? Compact bone: outer layer of bone, has continuous extracellular matrix w/no gaps, makes up wall of diaphysis, dense, made of tightly packed tissue Cancellous (spongy) bone: made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix, thin layers, many branching bony plates called “trabeculae”, gets nutrients by diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surfaces of these thin, bony plates, located within trabeculae Hyaline cartilage: very fine collagenous fibers in extracellular matrix, looks somewhat like white glass, are “models” that bone gradually replaces with parts of embryo’s skeleton, important in the development and growth of most bones, ends of bones in many joints, soft part of nose, in supporting rings of...
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...Describe the following tissue types: Epithelial - Epithelial tissue covers the entire surface of the body. It is made up of cells nearly pressed and extended in one or more layers. This tissue is specific to structure the covering or coating of all inward and outer body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that happens on surfaces on the inside of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed firmly together, with practically no intercellular spaces and just a little measure of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue is generally divided from the underlying tissue by a meagre sheet of connective tissue; cellar layer. The basement membrane gives structural backing to the epithelium furthermore ties it to neighbouring structures. Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is creates. Epithelial tissue which is stand out cell thick is known as basic epithelium. On the off chance that it is two or more cells thick, for example, the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium. There are also nerve supplies to the epithelia but they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients from deeper tissues by diffusion. There are three types of epithelial tissue, which include cuboidal, columnar and squamous Simple cuboidal epithelia are a type of epithelium that refers to a single layer of cube-like cells. These cuboidal cells have large, spherical and central nuclei. The cells of this sort of tissue can withstand more trauma than basic...
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...Lyndsey Kessler English 4A 24th Nov. 2014 Mrs. Nills Biomedical Technology: Today’s Experiments Tomorrow’s Medicine I am sure you have heard of mammograms and MRIs, but did you know that they are a part of biomedical technology? Biomedical technology is any medical imaging device or a medical practice that involves biology or technology. Some people do not believe in biomedical technology because they say it had not been proven safe or effective, but it has already saved lives. This is why biomedical technology should be used in medical practices My first reason is that biomedical technology could help save many lives. This technology has the potential to cure many diseases, one example is that scientists have found that stem cells can become a wide variety of specialized cells, this could help cure Alzheimer’s. They also have the potential to help people that are paralyzed. Biomedical technology has already found ways to detect and cure many life threatening diseases. With mammograms and MRIs doctors can detect breast cancer along with other diseases much faster than they have been able to in the past. This could potentially help cure those who are diagnosed. My second reason is that biomedical technology can increase treatment options. Since mammograms and MRIs help detect diseases sooner there are many different ways to treat these diseases some of which may not be as severe. For example instead of doing radiation for cancer right away you could undergo surgery to...
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...of the mutated gene but they do not show any signs or symptoms of the disease (GHR, 2014, May, 26). According to the Pompe Community: Pompe Disease is a rare, multisystemic progressive, debilitating, and often fatal neuromuscular disorder. Pompe Disease is linked to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen (a stored form of sugar that the body uses for energy) inside of the cells. Without GAA present there is an intralysomal accumulation of glycogen in the muscle cells which leads to a loss of muscle function (Pompe Community, 2014). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Pompe Disease affects all muscle cells in the body but skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are most seriously affected (NINDS, 2013, February 20). According to the Pompe Community, when there is a continuous accumulation of glycogen it causes lysosomes to swell and eventually rupture, which causes the tissue damage (Pompe Community, 2014). Signs and Symptoms According to the Pompe Community, Pompe Disease can set in at any age and progresses differently in every case. Infants who are affected by Pompe Disease often appear “floppy” and have extreme muscle weakness. They may develop milestones such as sitting, rolling over, and talking...
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...Bone turnover is carried out by osteoclasts, cells that resorb old bone, and osteoblasts, cells that lay down new bone matrix. Osteoclasts are large multi-nucleated cells derived from mononuclear hematopoietic cells that, upon stimulation, secrete lysosomal enzymes during bone resorption. Bone is resorbed by acidification and proteolysis of the collagen bone matrix and hydroxyapatite crystals [8]. Osteoblasts evolve from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage, along with adipocytes, chondrocytes, myoblasts and fibroblasts. Bone formation takes place in three stages: 1) production of osteoid matrix, 2) maturation of osteoid matrix, and 3) mineralization of the matrix. After the completion of bone formation, osteoblasts assume one of three fates: 1) undergo apoptosis, 2) remain on the bone surface as bone lining cells, or 3) are buried in the newly formed bone matrix as terminally differentiated osteocytes. Osteocytes make up the largest cell population in bone and are mainly responsible for sensing physical forces imposed on bone, translating them to biochemical signals that regulate bone turnover. Bone can be created in three different ways: a) osteogenesis, b) modeling, and c) remodeling. Osteogenesis is the process in which bone is formed on soft fibrous tissues or cartilage during embryonic development and initial fracture healing. Bone modeling is the process during which bone is reshaped by the concerted action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, typically yielding large net increases...
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...Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition, is a long-term chronic disease involving the thinning of cartilage in joints which results in bones rubbing together, engendering stiffness and pain, which often results in impaired forms of kineticism. Osteoarthritis withal can damage ligaments, menisci, and muscles. Bone or cartilage fragments may float in the joint space, causing exasperation and pain. Bone spurs, or osteophytes, may additionally develop, causing adscititious pain and potentially damaging circumventing tissues. OA is cognate with age, but is associated with a variety of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, including obesity, lack of exercise, genetic predisposition, bone density, occupational injury, trauma, and gender. Osteoarthritis is a major cause of incapacitation in elderly populations around the globe, especially in developed countries. Around the world, an estimated 10%-15% of adults over 60 have some degree of osteoarthritis. It accounts for 50% of the entire musculoskeletal disease burden, and thus is considered the highest-burden condition within the musculoskeletal group of diseases, which additionally includes rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis is present in approximately 30% of men and women over the age of 65. It most commonly affects the joints in the knee, hands, feet, and spine, and is additionally relatively mundane in other joints such as the shoulder and hip...
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...Our body in an amazing structure. Each system has a unique set of demands and helps to maintain life. Unfortunately, our magnificent homeostasis-maintaining bodies can also be wracked by disease. Today we are going to discuss our bone system, osteoporosis and treatment for osteoporosis. Let's begin. The 206 bones in our body have a big job. They are responsible for keeping out structure, movement, protection, mineral storage and blood cell production. These bones provide the structure to which the muscles and ligament cling, maintaining posture. By providing the structure bones also allow for cohesive movement. Along with structure and movement the bones of the cranial cavity, ribs and spinal column provide a wall of protection around our brain, organs and spinal cord. The final task of our bones is mineral storage and red blood cell production. The bones hold calcium, magnesium, fluoride and phosphorus. In our marrow blood cells are produced through a process called Hemoieposis. As seen, our bone system provides a wide array of functions to maintain homeostasis. Unfortunately, our bones can be wracked with disease. One such diseases is Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis prevents the bone cells from being created fast enough, breaks bone down quickly, or sometime, both. This process reduces the strength of our bones and gives them a porous, honey-comb appearance. Osteoporosis can be caused by a number of factors.One major cause is hormonal imbalance. In women this can be...
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... The axial skeleton consists of the cranial bones, facial bones, sternum, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, vertebral column and the sacrum. I chose to write about scoliosis. The part of the axial skeleton that is affected depends on the severity of the curve in scoliosis. In mild, non-serious cases of scoliosis, only the vertebral column is affected. This is usually in the thoracic region specifically. In severe cases of scoliosis other regions begin to be affected such as the ribs. Lastly, in extreme cases, scoliosis can affect your sternum which consequently causes internal issues as well. The significant symptom of scoliosis is the curvature of the spine, this can be apparent with the naked eye or seen with a simple physical exam. Other symptoms can include uneven shoulders, waist or height, and ribs could be uneven at different heights. The symptoms can cause pain, low physical action, depression and overall reduce the quality of life for the patient. If scoliosis is not treated it can progress and worsen the symptoms already existing. Scoliosis can start to cause back deformities and cause the patient to lose their balance more often due to the severe curve. If a patient does not treat scoliosis and it reaches more than 60 degrees it will start to affect the heart and lungs. Eventually, the spine will start to fuse together if scoliosis is left untreated. The common method for mild scoliosis is for it to be treated by a back brace to correct the curve. In other cases...
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