...is phantom limb syndrome? The phantom limb syndrome is the perception of sensations in a limb or limbs that no longer exist. Phantom limb syndrome occurs commonly in amputees; about 60 to 80 percent of individuals who have undergone amputations have reported this sensation. There are evidences showing that patients have higher likelihood of experiencing the syndrome when undergoes traumatic loss, or there has been pre-existing painful conditions in the limb. Phantom sensation can be observed in those who are born without limbs and in those who are paralyzed as well. In some cases, patient will suffer in severe, debilitating chronic pain. Normally, the pain attack will ameliorated with time. What are the symptoms of phantom limb syndrome?...
Words: 433 - Pages: 2
...Phantom Limb and the Brain Fatima Gutierrez Edward Rodriguez Santa Monica Community school Abstract Phantom limb is an effect in the brain that translates to the body after am amputation of a limb with interior or exterior, this phenomenon has been shown to present long term or temporary. When phantom limb occurs the part of the brain that play. Vital role is the parietal lobe and the central nervous system, sensory neurons sending messages to the central nervous system which gives sensations to the missing limb. There are three characteristics in phantom limb and there are currently three different types of treatments to reduce pain. Phantom limb is reaction to the rewiring of the brain due to an adulation of limb and reaction of the central nervous system. There are currently three types of treatment; immerse virtual reality, prosthetic usage and mirror box to help reduce or remove phantom limb. Introduction Phantom limb is a temporary or long term effect on the brain and body that occurs only post amputation of a limb for an intermittent period of time. Phantom brain can be categorized as a mental disorder, and is assumed to originate from the stem of the region of amputation. There are three types of characteristic in the phantom complex. The first is phantom limb pain (PLP) which emphasis on a painful sensation in the spatial area of the missing limb. Phantom limb sensation(PLS) which is anytype of sensation in relation to the absent limb without any pain. Lastly is...
Words: 1806 - Pages: 8
...Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain, the functions and structure of the human brain. And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails. Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly you can hold in the palm of your hand, and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating...
Words: 4271 - Pages: 18
...Stroke is a common, serious and global health care problem; it’s the third most common cause of health and first cause of adult disability (12). The rehabilitation is the major part of his care (13). Stroke is a neurological deficit caused by an acute focal injury f the central nervous system (CNS) by a vascular cause: a cerebral infraction appears with overt symptoms or intracerebral hemorrhage with no symptoms (10%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (5%) (14). The most impairment that can be regarded as a loss or limitation of function in movement or limitation in mobility and muscle contraction, is the most common and widely recognized impairment caused by stroke. The movement of face, arm, and leg of one side of the body are the structures affected...
Words: 956 - Pages: 4
...Axia College Material Appendix E Pain Matrix Sarafino (2006) noted that “people are more likely to seek medical treatment without delay if they feel pain” (p. 292). Pain is not pleasant, but it is a necessary response for us to know when something is wrong, allowing us to limit damage to our bodies. There are many types and sources of pain. It is a sense that we experience in varying degrees of intensity, depending upon the individual. Some individuals have a rare condition called congenital analgesia, where they are unable to feel any type of pain. Most of these people die young because, without pain, the seriousness of their life-threatening injuries or illnesses go undetected, eventually leading to death (Kalb et al, 2003). Directions: Refer to Ch. 11 of the text as you fill in the chart, using your own words to describe different kinds of pain and their causes. |Pain event |Description of pain event |Origin of pain event (physiological, | | |(Answer in 1 to 2 sentences) |psychological, or both) | |Referred pain |Pain that is felt at a place in the body different |Psychological | | |from the injured or diseased part where the pain | | | |would be expected. ...
Words: 294 - Pages: 2
...resin) bandages molded to the body part that it encases. Indications * To apply uniform compression of soft tissues * To permit early mobilization * To correct and prevent deformities * To support and stabilize weak joints Types of Casts 1 Short and long -arm cast for the upper limbs. : Extends from below the elbow to the proximal palmar crease. 2 Gauntlet Cast (thumb spica): from below the elbow to the proximal palmar crease. 3 Short and Long-leg Cast for the lower limbs. 4 Body Cast: Encircles the trunk stabilizing the spine. 5 Spica Cast: Incorporates the trunk and extremity. 6 Shoulder spica: encloses trunk, shoulder, and elbow. 7 Hip spica: encloses trunk and a lower extremity and can be single or double. Single extends from nipple line to include pelvis and one thigh while double includes both thighs and lower legs. 8 Cast-brace: External support about a fracture that is constructed with hinges to permit early motion of joints, early mobilization, and independence. 9 Cylinder Cast: Can be used for upper or lower extremity e.g. fracture or dislocation of knee or elbow dislocation. Complications of Casts * Pressure of cast may cause necrosis, pressure sores, and nerve palsies. * Compartment syndrome * Cast syndrome associated especially of body cast, resulting to nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distention; superior mesenteric artery syndrome, resulting in diminished blood flow to the bowel and intestinal obstruction; Acute...
Words: 6926 - Pages: 28
...Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) & Reflex Activity Objectives 1. Define peripheral nervous system and list its components. 2. Define sensation and perception 3. Classify general sensory receptors by structure, stimulus detected, and body location. 4. Distinguish between receptor and generator potentials and sensory adaptation. 5. Compare and contrast the three main levels of neural integration. 6. Describe the four properties of a stimulus. 7. Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors and the idea of adaptation. 8. Discuss pain (types, neurotransmitters, fast vs. slow pain, phantom & referred pain). 9. Define ganglion and indicate the general body location of ganglia. 10. Describe the general structure of a nerve. 11. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; indicate the body region and structures innervated by each. 12. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami. 13. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus. 14. Outline the three levels of the motor hierarchy. 16. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between visceral and somatic reflexes. Chapter 12 (CNS) 19. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord. 20. List the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract. I Overview (Fig. 13.1) A...
Words: 2583 - Pages: 11
...The brain is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure...
Words: 4599 - Pages: 19
...ANALGESICS Defining pain: * * PAIN: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage * NOCICEPTIVE: activation of normal pain fibres in response to a noxious stimulus (e.g. injury, disease, inflammation); may be somatic (e.g. involving superficial structures such as skin and muscle) or visceral (e.g. involving deeper organs such as liver, pancreas) * NEUROPATHIC: injury or disease affecting the peripheral (e.g. diabetic neuropathy, phantom limb) or central (e.g. spinal cord injury, post stroke) nervous system or both (e.g. postherpetic neuralgia) * MIXED NOCICEPTIVE/NEUROPATHIC: e.g. cancer some cancer-related pain * BREAKTHROUGH PAIN: occurs between regular doses of an analgesic and reflects an increase in the pain level beyond the control of the baseline analgesia. This may just be an occasional natural fluctuation in pain or, if frequent, reflect inadequate baseline analgesia or management * INCIDENT PAIN: occurs with, or is exacerbated by, physical activity or an event such as a wound dressing. Inadequate stabilisation of a fracture or cough can also cause incident pain Classification of pain: | Nociceptive - superficial somatic | Nociceptive – deep somatic | Nociceptive – visceral | Neuropathic | Origin of stimulus | Skin, subcutaneous tissue, mucous of mouth, nose, sinuses, urethra, anus | Bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, superficial...
Words: 2053 - Pages: 9
...HLSC111 Stress and Health Continuing with psychosocial aspects affecting health and particularly the role of stress and its possible mechanisms Week 6 Lecture A PNI, Pain and Health We will examine PNI ‐ Psychoneuroimmunology The immune system – its role in preventing disease Lect B – coping – what works Where are we? This lect draws a number of threads together: So far we have looked at: People and ways to understand them What people share with each other – developmental psychology What makes people unique – individual differences The role of groups people belong to Stress – causes and effects Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) What is it? PNI ‐ examines the relationships between the mind/brain and immune system “The field that studies the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system; the impact of behaviour/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health of these interactions” Ronald Glaser Now we will examine in more detail the relationship between behaviour, 1919 ‐ researchers noted increased stress increased the the nervous system, the endocrine system, immunity and coping ‐ ways to stay healthy Back to Physiology progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research foundations Psychosocial factors modulating immunity Immune system problems result from Increased Age Genetic disorders Infectious diseases Nutrition...
Words: 1519 - Pages: 7
...Central Nervous System * Brain and Spinal Cord * Conscious and reflexive Motor and Sensory * Continuous with Peripheral Nervous System Reflex Arc Reminder: Association neuron can modulate Autonomic Nervous System * Part of peripheral but feeds back to the central. * Cranial nerves are peripheral, but have to the do with the autonomic as well. * Parallel subconscious (?) CNS/PNS * Visceral control * Homeostasis Ventricles of the Brain * Interior CSF filled spaces * Interconnected * Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis ...
Words: 2388 - Pages: 10
...Birla Helsinki, Finland Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India jle@deltatron.fi gautam2410@gmail.com, arjun.narang09@gmail.com, soumya.singh1001@gmail.com Abstract- Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide. Present techniques employed One technique employed to effectively rehabilitate stroke for victims, especially those suffering from partial paralysis or rehabilitation of victims suffering from partial paralysis or loss loss of function, is using mirror therapy. Mirror therapy is a of function, such as mirror therapy, require substantial amount of resources, which may not be readily available. In traditional mirror therapy, patients place a mirror beside the functional limb, blocking their view of the affected limb, creating the illusion that both the limbs are working properly, which strategy that has been used successfully to treat phantom pain after amputation and recovery from hemiplegia after a stroke. In traditional mirror therapy, patients place a mirror beside the functional limb, blocking their view of the affected limb, thus enhances recovery by enlisting direct simulation. This paper creating the illusion that both the limbs are working properly, proposes an alternate robot based concept, named Wear-A-BAN, which enhances recovery by enlisting direct stimulation. In where the rehabilitative task will be carried out by a normal therapy...
Words: 3208 - Pages: 13
...not possible for the body to function in day to day life without a mind. The body needs to the mind to tell it what to do and the mind needs the body to give it feedback and help with understanding. I believe this due to my own life experience and the presence of those with mental disorders. I have experience that the mind alone cannot reveal truth just as the senses alone cannot do it either. Sticking your hand into a barrel of water and feeling something stringy and slimy could mean that there is a squid in the water but that doesn’t make it true, you must confirm with more senses and your minds reasoning whether it is or not. The same can be said for those who experience phantom limb syndrome. Their senses tell them there is still a limb there, but without confirming this with their mind, it may cause them some...
Words: 1834 - Pages: 8
...Pain is necessary and important. In fact, it is an inborn drive, vital to our very existence (Hebb). Pain prompts us to change something, for instance, to move our hand off of a hot stove. It, therefore, prevents us from causing damage or even death to ourselves. It motivates us to protect an injured area, and the abatement of that pain lets us know when it is safe to use that area of our body again (Doctor's Surgery Center). While pain is a crucial sensation, required for our survival, it’s no secret that in our day to day lives we want to avoid it at all cost. Pain doesn’t feel good. Therefore, if we can avoid it, we will. This desire to avoid pain makes pain control a very big business. Google the word “pain” and you will get a return of about 215 million websites. These websites offer a vast array of pain management options, including a variety of medications, surgeries, medical therapies, complementary therapies, alternative therapies, emotional therapies, products, tools, and more. Notice the next time you watch television or listen to the radio how many advertisements there are for these products. To get some idea of how much money is spent annually on pain control we will look at just a few of these pain management options. Acetaminophen is the pain relieving ingredient found in Tylenol as well as a few other prescription and over-the-counter medications. The sales of this drug in 2009 were 2.6 billion dollars (Aubuchon). More than 400,000 carpal tunnel surgeries are...
Words: 3442 - Pages: 14
...Which BEST defines what occurs in the fight or flight response? a. increase in intestinal movement b. increase in heart rate and blood pressure c. decrease in muscle tension d. decrease in endorphins released 3. Exercise during which the patient does not assist the therapist is called? a. coordination b. resistive c. passive d. active 4. Migraine and cluster headaches are? a. tension headaches b. vascular headaches c. traumatic d. psychogenic 5. What do you do if you are working on a client and he/she complains of pain where you are working? a. say “no pain, no gain” b. back off and continue communicating to be sure they are comfortable now c. stop the massage d. only work areas that don’t cause pain 6. if you are using a technique which requires firm pressure and it’s causing pain, You should? a. have the client qualify the pain and then modify your pressure b. explain to the client why pain is necessary c. continue with the same pressure d. terminate the session 7. What is the best position for massaging a pregnant woman? a. prone b. supine c. on her side d. postural drainage position 8. Which BEST describes the location of the Yin channels? a. anterior b. posterior c. proximal d. distal 9. Where is the center of gravity for a massage/bodywork therapist? a. knees b. shoulders c. pelvis d. legs 10. Which would you use to increase mobility at a joint? a. gliding b. rang of motion c. percussion ...
Words: 7604 - Pages: 31
