...Bibliography: Adedeji, A. (1999). "Structural adjustment policies in Africa." International Social Science Journal 51(162): 521-528. Broad, R. and J. Cavanagh (1999). "The death of the Washington consensus?" World Policy Journal 16(3): 79-88. Cleary, S. (1989). "Structural Adjustment in Africa." Trocaire Development Review 1989: 41-59. Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2001). Trade, growth, and poverty, World Bank, Development Research Group, Macroeconomics and Growth. Escobar, A. (1992). "Culture, economics, and politics in Latin American social movements theory and research." The making of social movements in Latin America: Identity, strategy, and democracy: 65-82. Fine, B. (2002). "Economics imperialism and the new development economics as Kuhnian paradigm shift?" World Development 30(12): 2057-2070. Godard, P.-P. K. and J. H. Williamson (2003). After the Washington Consensus: restarting growth and reform in Latin America, Peterson Institute. Gore, C. (2000). "The rise and fall of the Washington Consensus as a paradigm for developing countries." World Development 28(5): 789-804. Hamilton, C. (1989). "The irrelevance of economic liberalization in the Third World." World Development 17(10): 1523-1530. Harriss, J., et al. (2003). The new institutional economics and Third World development, Routledge. Helleiner, G. K. (1992). "The IMF, the World Bank and Africa's adjustment and external debt problems: An unofficial view." World Development 20(6):...
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...allowed the First World to keep up with rising consumption rates while keeping labour costs low. To represent the shift to export production, and to serve firms seeking lower wages and Third World governments seeking capital investment, export processing zones (EPZs) were created. Most EPZs are located in developing countries, and these zones attract employers as a solution to domestic production while also taking advantage of reduced trade barriers set up by the host nation in an attempt to reduce poverty, unemployment, and stimulate their domestic economy. The creation of these EPZs supported the rise of neoliberal globalization and the free market system throughout the latter half of the 20th century, which stated that the private sector would determine state priorities. This paper will examine the rise of EPZs and their connection to neoliberal globalization, as well as their relationship to the debt crisis of the 1980s and the growth of structural adjustment programs. With the Cold War immediately following WWII, countries were divided into a class First, Second, and Third World countries, according to their status in the war. The Third World, also known as the Global South, represented all nations that were not aligned with either the core advanced capitalist countries (First World) or the countries in the Soviet-led bloc (Second World) (Smardon, 2011). These Third World countries were largely economically underdeveloped, and were...
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...test hypotheses in comparative political analysis? Be able to explain each and note the costs and benefits of each. 6) Know the difference between empirical and normative studies. 7) Know the distinctions between the three types of pre-colonial societies that we discussed in class. * Acephalous societies * State societies * Empires * Know the differences of each. Pay attention to the details. 8) Colonialism – Why was Europe successful in colonizing the non-Western world? 9) What was the Maxim Gun? * How was it different than earlier machine guns? * What impact did it have on European colonization? 10) Who were the big players? * Latin America * Asia * Africa * Describe “the scramble for Africa” 11) What are the three Gs? * Gold * The Age of Mercantilism * Why did nations seek commercial expansion? The results? * What is comparative advantage? * God * In what ways did Europeans believe they were different than natives? * Why and how did colonizers try to convert natives? * What was the education system like? * Explain “rule through and by the natives” * Why would the colonizers use this approach? *...
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...globalisation. With globalisation, many countries get benefits from it. However, it also caused many negative effects from globalisation in many countries. As the ancient Chinese Philosopher Laozi said: “Good fortune follows upon disaster; Disaster lurks within good fortune; Who can say how things will end? Perhaps there is no end.” So it is natural to oppose globalisation. There are many arguments from different views. Some political scientists argue that globalization is making nation-states weaken and that the functions and power of nation-states will gradually take over by global (Dreher et al.,2008). Economists argue that businesses is becoming more competitive and more and more workers may be laid off due to greater competition. For environment, globalization is using up finite resources more quickly and globalization increases world greenhouse gas with carbon dioxide emissions which makes the air pollution worse. For cultural, the uniqueness of cultural is lost in favour of homogenization and a "universal culture" that draws heavily from American culture. In this essay, I will focus on economics and environment aspect to discuss why people and some groups oppose to globalisation. In the global world, there are both positive and negative effects of globalisation for economics of developed and developing countries. McMichael (2001) stated that globalization can create a lot of new opportunities, new ideas, new...
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...C T In this article, I examine the codification of an Italian work-related illness caused by mobbing, a type of psychological harassment that emerged at the moment neoliberal policies transformed Italy’s historically protectionist labor market. I trace how the medicalization of mobbing has expanded workers’ access to compensation, resources, and discursive tools for criticizing neoliberal labor conditions, even as it has produced new structures of surveillance. I unravel the neoliberal politics of a state that protects workers’ health yet governs worker–citizens through an apparatus of medical experts. I find that workers’ labor problems are experienced and managed as bodily problems in ways important to remaking Italian citizenship. [neoliberalism, state, labor, biopolitics, citizenship, bodies, Italy] An institution, even an economy, is complete and fully viable only if it is durably objectified . . . in bodies. —Pierre Bourdieu1 It was the spirit of capitalism made flesh. —Upton Sinclair2 n 2003, a new psychophysical disturbance, organizational coercion pathology (disturbi psichici e fisici da costrittivit` organizzativa sul a lavoro), or OCP, became a work-related illness that was insurable by an Italian state public-health institution (Istituto Nazionale per l’Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro [INAIL] 2003).3 Telltale symptoms, often likened to those of posttraumatic stress disorder (disturbo post traumatico del stress), include anxiety and depression. According...
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...Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. London & New York: Verso, 2007. Print. In Planet of Slums, Mike Davis evaluates the rapid increase in slums in third world countries around the world. Increasing urbanization has triggered inequality and disparity between people as slums expanded outward their urban roots. Urbanization usually encroach the suburbs, leading to breakdown in rural traditions; suburban residents are forced towards non-traditional employment and way of living. Simultaneously, rapid urbanization did not lead to parallel industrialization development. The author does not believe that these issues of slums and perpetual poverty can be ameliorated through traditional financial aid by NGOs such as IMF or the World Bank; this crisis is unavoidable in the contemporary social, economic and political framework. Even though Davis makes compelling arguments using statistics and cases in many countries, his assertion is over-pessimistic on capitalism and is often too narrow-minded. In the first few chapters, the author begins with various statistics such as graphs and population comparisons in historical context from reliable sources around the world that assert the significant impact of urban migration. The author categorizes people living in slums into Metro Core and Periphery; the population influx from the core into the periphery leads to pollution, illegal activities and other negative influences. By chapter three, Davis started to assess the root origin of the...
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...ideology. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. : all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society. : Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. For eg. Recession US eg The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim...
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...Chapter 2. Globalization in Question 1. “Pro” vs. “Anti” Globalization: The New Divide For a number of years, the question of economic globalization—i.e., the interdependence of national systems of production and exchange and the ―financialization‖ of the world (revealed by the American subprime crisis in 2007)—has polarized public opinion. The problems stemming from economic globalization dominate the news: the outsourcing production in search of cheaper labor costs; the decreasing efficiency of national juridical and fiscal regulation; the waning of the very idea of sovereignty; the growing constraints within which politicians can act; the emergence of a small class of the immensely rich alongside the billions of poor; the rise of new financial actors—pension funds, hedge funds, and sovereign wealth funds—capable of destabilizing or seizing control of entire realms of the economy; and the emergence of China and India as new global economic actors, as their companies storm the industrial bastions of the United States and Europe. Should one be for or against globalization? Can we turn our backs on globalization, and return to national or regional systems of production and exchange that are autonomous, even autarkic? Is the large cosmopolitan corporation the new leviathan—a monster that must be slain—or a force for human progress? It is tempting to reduce the debate over the economy of the twenty-first century to a simple alternative: being for or against globalization. Yet in...
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...Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili and Patrick Hayden Critical Theories of Globalization Also by Chamsy el-Ojeili CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics FROM LEFT COMMUNISM TO POSTMODERNISM: Reconsidering Emancipatory Discourse Also by Patrick Hayden AMERICA’S WAR ON TERROR CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics COSMOPOLITAN GLOBAL POLITICS JOHN RAWLS: Towards a Just World Order THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili Department of Sociology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Patrick Hayden School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK © Patrick Hayden and Chamsy el-Ojeili 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents...
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...ABSTRACT This paper is intended to provide critical responses to the weaknesses of globalization and corruption in the world that we are currently living based on the mixed economic worldview which is my personal economic worldview which threatens to undermine the stability of economic and political development on both a national and global scale, and which requires both immediate and wide-ranging policy interventions. The recent concern with corruption is attributable, not to any substantive increase in corrupt practices, but rather, to the re-framing of corruption in light of broader shifts and transformations within the global economy. The historical context of globalization covers centuries. This paper reviews the types, forms as well as the consequences of corruption. The paper also reviews the issues associated with globalization and the effect it has on the lives of various individuals. It questions the view that, under certain conditions, corruption may enhance efficiency and argues that though corruption may benefit powerful individuals it will indubitably lead to greater inefficiency and a waste of resources at a macro-economic level. Table of Contents ABSTRACT i INTRODUCTION iii BACKGROUND iv Forms of Corruption vi 1.1 Bribery vi 1.2 Theft and fraud vi 1.3 Embezzlement vi 1.4 Nepotism vi 1.5 Conflict of Interest vi 1.6 Favouritism vii Types of Corruption vii 2.1. Grand corruption vii 2.2 Political corruption vii 2.3 Corporate corruption...
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...REGIONALISM IN AFRICA : A PART OF PROBLEM OR A PART OF SOLUTION Margaret LEE AAPS INTRODUCTION Regionalism, as defined in this paper, encompasses efforts by a group of nations to enhance their economic, political, social, or cultural interaction. Such efforts can take on different forms, including regional cooperation, market integration, development integration, and regional integration. African leaders have long envisaged regionalism as a viable strategy to pursue with a view to uniting the continent both politically and economically. While regionalism in Africa has taken on different forms to accommodate the changing national, regional, and international environment, all organizations that aim to integrate regional economies in Africa have adopted market integration as a component of their strategy, with a view to increasing intra-regional trade. Market integration is the linear progression of degrees of integration beginning with a free trade area (or in some cases a preferential trade area) and ending with total economic integration. The model for such integration is the European Union (EU). Notwithstanding the fact that market integration has failed miserably on the continent,1 it continues to be highly regarded by most African leaders as a solution to Africa’ growing marginalization within the world economy. The creation of NAFTA s (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the movement toward EU monetary integration, only served to reinforce the commitment African...
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...Introduction: Globalisation can be considered as one of the most essential phenomenon of our times. Ardalan (2009) described globalisation as a compression of time and space with huge intensification of economic, cultural, social and political interconnections on the global scale. A New Geo-economy by Peter Dicken (2003) Dicken (2003) believes that ‘something’ is happening out there. More industries are orientated towards global markets nowadays in which the increasing of internationalisation and globalisation can be considered as one of the most important development in the world economy. As a result, global division of labor has evolved to a specialisation of labors in different parts of the production processes without being limited by geographical constraints anymore. It leads firms in the industrial countries focus to produce manufactured goods, meanwhile the non-industrialised countries are specialised to supply raw materials or agricultural products to them. This process is not as simple as the theory because the fragmentation of production processes and geographical relocation has been involved in the present trade flow, however. In addition, the emergence of a new international financial is inevitable as well since the development of technologies of transport and communications has accelerated the global transactions (Dicken, 2003). But, there is no consensus whether that ‘something’ is a new thing or not. Some believe that a new globalised world economy has risen...
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...is a cosmopolitan society? (3) Who are the enemies of cosmopolitan societies? What is a Cosmopolitan Sociology? Let me start by attempting to nail a pudding to the wall, that is, defining the key terms ‘globalization’ and ‘cosmopolitanization’. At the beginning of the 21st century the conditio humana cannot be understood nationally or locally but only globally. ‘Globalization’ is a non-linear, dialectic process in which the global and the local do not exist as cultural polarities but as combined and mutually implicating principles. These processes involve not only interconnections across boundaries, but transform the quality of the social and the political inside nation-state societies. This is what I define as ‘cosmopolitanization’: cosmopolitanization means internal globalization, globalization from within the national societies. This transforms everyday consciousness and identities significantly. Issues of global concern are becoming part of the everyday local experiences and the ‘moral life-worlds’ of the people. They introduce significant conflicts all over the world. To treat these profound ontological changes simply as myth relies on a superficial and unhistorical understanding of ‘globalization’, the misunderstandings of neoliberal globalism. The study of globalization and globality, cosmopolitanization and cosmopolitanism constitutes a revolution in the social sciences (Beck, 2000a, 2002a; Cheah and Robbins, 1998; Gilroy, 1993; Shaw, 2000; Therborn, 2000; Urry, 2000). Of...
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...in Colin Leys and Leo Panitch (eds), Socialist Register, London: Merlin, 2004) Bob Sutcliffe In words which seem uncannily relevant today, two mid-nineteenth century fugitives (in today’s language asylum seekers) wrote that “the bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country”[i]. This cosmopolitanization (or in today’s vocabulary globalization) turned out to be neither as continuous nor as complete as they expected. By the beginning of the following century other emigrant followers of these two men began to argue that the full economic integration of world capitalism would be prevented by strife between the industrialized countries. Imperialism in this sense seemed to mean that globalization would be a task for post-capitalist society. This appeared to be confirmed by the following half century of war, protectionism and deep economic crisis until, in the middle of the twentieth century, cosmopolitan capitalism made its big comeback. Globalization is more than anything else the feature of today’s capitalism which leads many to argue that there is a new imperialism, or even that imperialism has been replaced by something else (for instance, by “post-imperialism” or by “Empire”). The real newness of the present is, however, debatable. In trying to discern the character of an age, it is tempting to argue that everything has been totally transformed and a qualitatively...
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...Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though several scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European age of discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectedness of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly. The term globalization has been in increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as climate change, cross-boundary water, air pollution, and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. Overview Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk Road that connected Asia, Africa...
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