...The effects of behaviour and development when a child suffer from a bereavement The loss of someone close through death is a traumatic and painful event for the majority of people. For many children and young people the death of a parent, sibling, friend or relative can be extremely difficult because of the child’s inability to understand and articulate their feelings. Similarly young people who have been bereaved whilst they are on the cusp of adulthood can find the emotions that they are experiencing to be frighteningly intense. Grief is individual and the processes of mourning are never the same between two people. However some of the responses to death and bereavement can be similar depending on the age, level of comprehension, relationship with the person who has died and the emotional resilience of the mourner. The following responses are common Alternating play and sadness Members of the school staff may be the first to recognise changes in the bereaved child or young person’s behaviour outside of their immediate family, who may not have noticed if they too are grieving. Young children may appear to be sad and withdrawn one minute then might begin playing with building blocks or dolls the next. This is because unlike adults, bereaved children do not possess the emotional reserves to grieve continuously and they will need respite from their grief. Play allows the bereaved child to shift their focus from their grief, albeit for a short while, until they are sufficiently...
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...Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment In an attempt to understand the human psyche as it relates to personality, theorists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, and Alfred Adler all developed their theories to describe personality. To better understand the mentioned theorist’s beliefs it is necessary to compare and contrast the various psychoanalytic theories characteristics as well as to make mention of the portions that are agreeable or disagreeable. Also, the stages of Sigmund Freud's theory and Freudian defense mechanisms will be conversed. Comparison and Contrast of Psychoanalytical Theories Freud, Jung, and Adler psychoanalytic theories were all created with the purpose to explain the development of personality. Freud’s beliefs about personality were that it was developed through various stages using erogenous zones. If any of the phases of development were unsuccessful, the individual would have personality issues in adulthood. Jung, on the other hand, did agree with Freud about a person’s past experiences playing a role in future behavior. However, he believed that a person's aspirations also played a role in their behavior (Mcleod, 2013) His theory identified an ego, personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The ego is one's sense of who they are. The unconscious are thoughts that a person is not aware of, and the collective unconscious contains universal emotional symbols that make the person a part of society. Alfred Adler, on the other hand, opposed...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Lisa Key PSY/250 October 18, 2012 Bert Hanlon Behavioral and social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits The habit the individual in question will be discussing is always appearing to be in a postulant or defensive mode (Freud defense mechanism). To address this habit, one will discuss many childhood observations and experiences during a crucial formative time in young life. Reasons for behaviors that resemble actions of one’s father and family are relevant to the forming of behaviors that may require some adjustments because one believes that such adjustments may provide many positive effects in the individual’s life. The individual was brought up in a family life were one was observant of domestic abuse at a very young age and was a victim on many occasions a victim of physical abuse as a pre-teen. One believes many environmental experiences and exposures are relevant to some habits that require adjustment to be more productive and happier in one’s personal life. Habit The habit in question is how easily the individual can become physically aggressive. The individual from an early age saw many exposures to alcoholism, drug, and physical abuse in the forms of uncle’s abusing grandmother and father abusing one’s mother. The individual on many...
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...Early Physical Abuse and Later Violent Delinquency Children who were phyiscally abuse were more likely to commit a violent crime compared to those who were sexual abuse Lansford (2007). Early physical abuse does scar children for life leading to other emotion problems later in their adulthood if help is not provided. I stand at 50 percent of violence begets violence. I believe the decision to act against violence is a choice. Studies show a low rate of 26 % abused children commit delinquent acts, the other 84% are being treated by being enrolled in programs and other positive settings to help them with different coping mechanism skills. If the child has a positive outlet or talent such as dancing or singing they can surpass all the negativity in their abusive life. Interventions are design to develop to find the root of the problem for a successful future (Hotton, 2003). Is it fair to say that children who have been abused and neglected have a higher frequency of juvenile arrests? Juvenile arrest is not always in regards to child abuse or neglect. Lack of resources, education, poverty, drugs, alcohol and teenage pregnancy plays a major factor. Children who have wealthy parents are still involve with abuse because their parents maybe suffering from past experiences. Children who suffer from abuse deal with more mental issues and are more likely to have a substance abuse problem and other mental issues. Although some children will have seek revenge from their abusers also known...
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...Social motivation Psyc104 Aggression and violence * Why do humans hurt one another? aggression is a fundamental social motive * The role of learning and modelling people become violent by watching violence, if children see a lot of aggression they become aggressive which is called social learning accounts * Bandura argued (1980) children come into the world who are innocent and their learning from parents, siblings, television and they conducted the BoBo doll experiment sat them behind the window watching an adult bashing this doll and playing and some adults were very violent and others were gentle and the children were then allowed to do whatever they wanted with the doll the children who saw the adults aggressive with the doll mimicked such * Greitemeyer and mugged (2014) meta analysis of 98 studies of 37,000 people, found significant, positive relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviour Social learning problems * Doesn’t explain the origins of human violence * Why have humans behaved aggressively throughout history and across cultures? * Why are humans attracted to violence, even though they fear it * Is human aggression learned (social learning) or instinctive or both? “instinctive” accounts * Aggression as instinct: * Darwin-aggression functions to assert power and dominance * Threat and appeasement displays Freud and Lorenz * Freud the ‘death’ instinct hurt people they...
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...15 Common Defense Mechanisms In some areas of psychology (especially in psychodynamic theory), psychologists talk about “defense mechanisms,” or manners in which we behave or think in certain ways to better protect or “defend” ourselves. Defense mechanisms are one way of looking at how people distance themselves from a full awareness of unpleasant thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Psychologists have categorized defense mechanisms based upon how primitive they are. The more primitive a defense mechanism, the less effective it works for a person over the long-term. However, more primitive defense mechanisms are usually very effective short-term, and hence are favored by many people and children especially (when such primitive defense mechanisms are first learned). Adults who don’t learn better ways of coping with stress or traumatic events in their lives will often resort to such primitive defense mechanisms as well. Most defense mechanisms are fairly unconscious – that means most of us don’t realize we’re using them in the moment. Some types ofpsychotherapy can help a person become aware of what defense mechanisms they are using, how effective they are, and how to use less primitive and more effective mechanisms in the future. Primitive Defense Mechanisms 1. Denial Denial is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic...
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...Identifying the types of sexual offenders Sexual offenders are a major problem in today’s society. There has been an increasingly amount of research done in order to fully understand, and identify the types of sexual offenders. Researchers are trying to focus on finding types of treatments that could help sexual offenders. Since there are a lot of different types of offenders, building a treatment program is seen as a difficult task. Sexual offenders vary in terms of their characteristics, and their reasoning behind their acts. They are viewed as a heterogeneous group; which means that their types vary according to their characteristics. In order to help keep our society safe, it is important for us to understand the reason as to why sexual offenders commit the acts that they do. It is also important to understand the different types of treatments offered to sexual offenders, and if it reduces any risks of recidivism. This research paper will demonstrate ten different articles with ten very different analysis as to why sexual offenders offend, and what kind of treatment can be offered in order to reduce the chance of recidivism. Types of sexual offenders In order to fully understand this paper we first have to identify, and explain each typology of sexual offenders. What is a sexual offender? A basic definition of a sexual offender is someone who commits a sexual crime against someone. According to the encyclopedia of social and behavioural sciences “Sex offenders...
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...Juvenile Delinquency Every day child abuse and neglect takes it's toll on innocent young lives. Nearly five children die everyday in America from their abuse. ("National children," 2011) Not only does child abuse leave it's victims with physical and emotional scars, but it also cripples their chances of leading normal happy lives. Many of these children tend to lean towards unhealthy social behavior as a way to cope with their abuse, which in turn may make them a juvenile delinquent. Child abuse is not a recent development. It has existed for thousands of years. However parents and society from thousands of years ago saw no problem with the way their children and other people's children were being disciplined. In fact children in that time had little to no rights and were mostly considered a nuisance and unimportant. Luckily for children today that opinion has changed. Unfortunately there are still thousands of children out there who are considered a nuisance and unimportant to their parent or guardian. Although physical abuse is the most critical, there are other types that can be just as damaging and leave their own set of scars. Other forms of abuse include emotional abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse. It's hard to say whether one form is more damaging than another. All forms of abuse can cause a child to have difficulties later on in life. Some of these difficulties may include damage to a child's sense of self, their ability to maintain healthy relationships, and their...
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...Environment as Predictors for Physical Aggression in Low-Income Children Xiaoyu Li University of Nebraska-Lincoln, whulucy@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss Part of the Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons Li, Xiaoyu, "Family Environment and School Environment as Predictors for Physical Aggression in Low-Income Children" (2012). Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Paper 164. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/164 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AS PREDICTORS FOR PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN LOW-INCOME CHILDREN by Xiaoyu Li A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Child, Youth, & Family Studies Under the Supervision of Professor Soo-Young Hong Lincoln, Nebraska November, 2012 FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AS PREDICTORS FOR PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN LOW-INCOME CHILDREN Xiaoyu Li, M.S. University of Nebraska...
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...a major source of entertainment for little girls. Beauty pageants have been around a long time, setting a trend in thee American’s society. Children as young as two months old are being entered into the world of beauty pageants. While the beauty pageant industry continues to grow, the controversy surrounding the effects and harms these pageants can have on the contestants has also grown. Children are entered in to these competitions for a variety of reasons. Maybe some of the potential prizes awarded to the winners tempt many parents to get their children involved in these events. There are many risk factors that may take effect in some children, like developing eating disorders and having mental health problems. This not only takes their innocence away, but also makes them likely to develop several mental and emotional imbalances later in life. The glitter and glitz of the glamorous life with its elegant dresses, elaborate hair-dos, sparkling tiaras, heavy make-up, and the deafening applause is short-lived. These fairy tales fades away into a nightmares that can leave these children with a notion of a world that is not as they had dreamed it to be. The benefits which come from most of these pageants are tiaras, trophies and large scholarships. Many of the top prizes for these pageants are college scholarships. These young participants also have to put forth an image of outstanding behavior and social manners. All pageants are put together differently, and until...
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...Brennan, D. Howes and M. Dadds (2013) Introduction: Aggressiveness is a complicated study due to the fact that it does not act as an integral trait, and increased interest towards the matter of anti-social behaviour is partly explained by the apparent escalation of aggression in contemporary society (Popova, 2006). The human expression of anger is due to a combination of endocrine, neural and behavioural mechanisms and as such, a central question of human history. Children with aggressive behaviour form a heterogeneous population in relation to certain subtypes of aggressive antisocial behaviour. Callous-unemotional traits (e.g. absence of emotions and blame) are well-studied and temperamentally tied in with acute and persistent antisocial expression in children, which holds the risk for progressing psychopathy later in life (Frick & Viding, 2009) Serotonin levels are thought to contribute to childhood aggressive and antisocial behaviour, which can lead to expression later in adulthood (Raine, 2002). Thus, genetic factors are an inseparable part of the nature of antisocial behaviour, as demonstrated by twin research that has shown that heritability is likely to determine various forms of aggression and personality factors, such as impulsivity and callous-unemotional traits (Moffitt, 2005). Despite the fact that the specific genetic basis of the innate nature of antisocial behaviour has not been firmly demonstrated, a number of studies have proposed that serotonergic...
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...imply trying to make someone else responsible for them. Aim inhibition: Placing a limitation upon instinctual demands; accepting partial or modified fulfillment of desires. Examples: (1) a person is conscious of sexual desire but if finding it frustrating, "decides" that all that is really wanted in the relationship is companionship. (2) a student who originally wanted to be a physician decides to become a physician's assistant. Aim inhibition, like the other mechanisms, is neither healthful nor pathological, desirable nor undesirable, in itself. It may be better to have half a loaf than no bread, but an unnecessary aim inhibition may rob one of otherwise attainable satisfactions. Note that the first example could include the mechanism of displacement, and the second, rationalization. Up to a point, mutual idealization can make for a happy relationship; however, unrealistic expectations of another person based upon this mechanism can lead to serious disappointment. Altruism: The individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by dedication to meeting the needs of...
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...oral aggression", when the infant develops teeth and is able to chew. They set "introjection" against "assimilation". In Ego, Hunger and Aggression Fritz and Laura Perls suggested that when the infant develops teeth, he or she has the capacity to chew, to break apart food, and assimilate it, in contrast to swallowing before; and by analogy to experience, to taste, accept, reject or assimilate. Laura Perls explains: "I think Freud said that development takes place through introjection, but if it remains inrojection and goes no further, then it becomes a block; it becomes identification. Introjection is to a great extent unawares.” Thus Fritz and Laura Perls made "assimilation", as opposed to "introjection", a focal theme in Gestalt therapy and in their work, and the prime means by which growth occurs in therapy. In contrast to the psychoanalytic stance, in which the "patient" introjects the (presumably more healthy) interpretations of the analyst, in Gestalt therapy the client must "taste" with awareness his or her experience, and either accept or reject it, but not introject or "swallow whole". Hence, the emphasis is on avoiding interpretation, and instead encouraging discovery. This is the key point in the divergance of Gestalt therapy from traditional psychoanalysis — growth occurs through gradual assimilation of experience in a natural way, rather than by accepting the interpretations of the analyst. II. INTROJECTION Introjection occurs as a coping mechanism when...
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...more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? Correct. Health psychologists are interested in the factors that lead us to lead healthy lives, so the relationship between classes and the tendency to take drugs would be an appropriate topic for Kirima to research. b) What is the relationship between one’s ethnicity and their political affiliation? Incorrect. The effects of a social category like ethnicity would be more applicable to experts from other fields, which might include sociology, political science, or social psychology. c) Are men or women better drivers? d) What is the relationship between a person’s age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree? e) How do parents and children adjust to differences in temperament? Ans: a, p. 344, A, LO=Prologue, AP VIII.5, (1) Stress and Stressors Learning Objective 9.1 - How do...
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...With Freud, we need to set aside all the elaborate concepts of psychoanalysis (e.g. oedipal complex, penis envy) and really start with the basics. What is Freud saying about the way we experience the world? To start with we can identify three propositions. They are: 1. infantile dependency 2. repression 3. transference Freud recognized the significance of the fact that humans, contra other mammals, spend the first few years (and likely more) of their lives dependent on their caregivers for survival. Dependency is a mixed bag. Q1: Give an example of the last time you were in a situation where you felt dependent on another. On one hand, dependency can be wonderful. The beauty of infancy is that there are moments when we experience our needs a being completely met, perhaps the closest thing to paradise that we ever experience (maybe this is where the Old Testament got the idea?) However, there are other moments when our needs go unmet and there is nothing we can do about it. In these moments, we are in hell, tortured, miserable. In infancy we vacillate between these two experiences of dependency. In fact, according to Freud, the pain of infancy is so overwhelming we have to forget it. Freud has a special term to describe this kind of forgetting. He calls it repression. We make those experiences unconscious (not subconscious-Freud didn’t like that word nor did he like the buried metaphor it implied). Over his life, Freud developed two distinct theories...
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