...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment. Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...
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...Women in Sports Women in Sport: How Title IX Changed the Sport World Author Author Affiliation Abstract It has been said over from the beginning of time until today; behind every strong man is an even stronger woman. Throughout history, women have continuously made their imprint on the world. Women fought tirelessly to prove they could be just as good as their male counterparts. To assist in that effort, Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972 was created and implemented. How did Title IX really change the world? More importantly, how did Title IX impact females in the sports world. With that theory mind, the real question should be are women truly equal in the sport world? Is it a possibility to ever be truly equal with all of the obstacles in today’s society? Women in Sports “A strong woman believes that she’s strong enough to face her journey…but a woman of strength has faith that it is in this journey she will become strong!” Maya Angelo. 776 B.C. - The first Olympics are held in ancient Greece. Women are excluded, so they compete every four years in their own Games of Hera, to honor the Greek goddess who ruled over women and the earth. This is the first account of women competing in some type of sports. After many years of discrimination and not being offered the same opportunities, President Nixon signed the Title IX of Education Amendment on June 23th, 1972. Title IX must be explained and explored to how it affected not only women in general but more...
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...Running Head: Title IX Court Case Research on Title IX Court Case FIRST M. SURNAME INSTITUTIONAL AFFLIATION TITLE IX Court Case Introduction Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The amendment protects the citizens from discrimination from academic programs on the basis of their gender(Carpenter & Acosta, 2005). It provides that persons of either gender can be granted an opportunity in any education program within taking into consideration their gender. Title IX protects all the students enrolled in government sponsored institutions from discrimination. As much as the code of Civil Rights caters for the protection against such there are still areas where discrimination can arise (Boland, 2002).. For instance, enrollment in some degree programs or some sporting activities might be based on discriminating nature. The Amendments also guard the student against sexual harassment. This paper will look at the process of filing a Title IX lawsuit. It will analyze based on a sample case study on how to overcome the case based on the current provision of the Education Amendments as well as other relevant laws that pertain to that case. It will observe the consequences of the outcome of the case to the participants of the case. The evaluation will consider all the other external factors that are involved in the process of the filing process and representation in the court of law. Statement of the Court Case The case to be analyzed for the purposes of...
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...women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. It states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Storm 320). Before Title IX, few opportunities existed for female athletes. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which was created in 1906 to format and enforce rules in men’s football but had become the ruling body of college athletics, offered no athletic scholarships for women and held no championships for women’s teams. Furthermore, facilities, supplies and funding were lacking. As a result, in 1972 there were just 30,000 women participating in NCAA sports, as opposed to 170,000 men (Simon 92). Title IX applies to educational institutions that receive any federal funds and prohibits discrimination in all educational programs and activities. Athletic programs are considered educational programs and activities. Title IX gives women athletes the right to equal opportunity in sports in educational institutions that receive federal funds, from elementary schools to colleges and universities (Poertner 92). There are three parts to Title IX as it applies to athletics programs: (1)...
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...Title IX: Equity or Elimination? Issues of gender equity have confronted American society since its inception. The Declaration of Independence specifically states that all "men" are created equal, leaving out women, just as the Constitution originally denied women the right to vote. Over the past two and a half centuries, however, women have striven to obtain equal rights. In 1848, for instance, leaders of the women's suffrage movement, such as Susan B. Anthony, adopted a Declaration of Sentiments calling for an equal rights amendment including women ("Women's Rights" par. 1). In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution finally adhered to their wishes, giving women the right to vote. Despite these important steps, women in the United States, a nation founded on the ideals of freedom and equality, continue to battle for equal rights. A key moment in this fight for equality occurred in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX Amendment to the Equal Opportunity in the Education Act. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance" (Sadker par. 2). This piece of legislation has had a profound impact upon college athletics. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has interpreted Title IX as requiring an equal opportunity for male and female athletes at our...
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...Title IX is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It states (in part) that: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”. Most people who know about Title IX think it applies only to sports, but athletics is only one of 10 key areas addressed by the law. These areas are: Access to Higher Education, Career Education, Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students, Employment, Learning Environment, Math and Science, Sexual Harassment, Standardized Testing and Technology. Since Title IX was passed 35 years ago, it has been the subject of over 20 proposed amendments, reviews, Supreme Court cases and other political actions. There are three areas that Title IX focuses on: Financial Assistance, Effective Accommodation of Student’s Interest and Abilities and Benefits, Opportunities, and Treatment. Counselors play a critical role as it relates to Title IX. The ED regulation for Title IX contains a specific prohibition against discrimination in counseling or guidance of students. According to an excerpt from U.S Department of Education, A counselor may not use different materials in testing or guidance based on the student's sex unless this is essential in eliminating bias and then, provided the materials cover the same occupations and interest areas. Counselors can work with...
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...There have been many laws passed to equalize the rights of different genders. One of these laws is Title IX. Title IX is an education amendment that took effect in 1972 and was signed by Richard Nixon. It makes school more equal for both genders. Title IX also “balanced” girls and boys education and athletics. An example is how girls cannot play football in high school while boys cannot play volleyball in high school. Title IX is a good thing for the most people, but should it be changed? Title IX has changed sports for girls. Before title IX was passed, only 1 out of 21 girls played a sport in high school.(Title IX official web site) It applies to all institutions that receive federal funding. In 1976, the NCAA challenged the legality of...
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...In 1972, a major change in attempting to equalize males and females entered into the educational realm of the United States. This amendment aimed to end segregated classrooms, give more resources to women academically, and support both women and men to participate in school athletics (Andersen, 2015). Although many wins have occurred in the women’s movement because of this amendment, many failures have also ensued after the enactment of the law. “Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law prohibiting sec discrimination in federally funded education programs and activates” (Andersen, 2015 pg.298). This basically means that the state must fund women and men equally in sports and allow for women to receive the same educational rights as men. The law helped women to not have to sit in segregated classrooms and to have full access to resources like their male cohorts, but in the realm of sports had a completely different story. Although equally funded, women found themselves at a constant disadvantage with backers and support from the community....
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...Title IX is a civil rights law that prevents any federally-funded program from allowing sex discrimination. In 1972 Title IX was passed, and it is part of the educational amendments of the United States. Title IX is one of the most well-known and significant of them all. Its protections include, but are not limited to: men, women, and transgender people. Title IX is currently being enforced in about 16,500 local school districts and 7,000 colleges/postsecondary establishments throughout all 50 states, as well as territories of the United States, and the District of Columbia. The law Title IX has changed sports in America forever because of the justice it provides to students, how it affects the process of high school and collegiate sports,...
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...Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states equality in education must be enforced regardless of one’s sex or gender orientation. If Title IX claims that equality has to be enforced in school, why are the female student athletes still not being treated as equals to male student athletes? In an article, the schools and adminstrators in charged of regulating the funds for sports argues, “the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and high school administrators complained that boys' sports would suffer if girls' sports had to be funded equally.” Their claim of boys’ sports suffering of loss of athletic opportunities in fact is false, “Overall, men’s athletic opportunities since Title IX’s passage have increased. Title IX has...
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... Your excitement is overwhelming. You have spent your entire life working up to this point; you are a college athlete. You are being paid to attend school and play your favorite sport for it. Your coach walks in with an upset look on his face. You think to yourself that it’s just going to be a difficult practice. Your coach actually tells you that you do not have practice today. You wont have practice ever again. Your entire life work gone, just like that. With your heart crushed, you cannot understand why the sport is just, canceled. You walk up to your coach and ask what the problem is. Your coach, as disappointed as you, tells you that the University board of athletics has decided to drop your “life” from the program to abide by the Title IX requirements and for not being a profitable program. This actually happened here at the University of Utah 50 years ago and it’s because there is a problem going on at Universities like The U and it is that men’s non-revenue sports, like wrestling, are being impacted negatively. Wresting is beginning to fade from colleges that are not in the Big Ten or the Ivy League, and Colleges like the University of Utah are participating in letting the sport diminish. In an article written by Coyte G. Cooper, “Involving the core product” “While there were 363 NCAA wrestling programs in 1981, the number of men’s wrestling programs offered by the NCAA had diminished to 234 in 2005.” Schools should stop making excuses for dropping the sport and making...
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...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...The Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX for short) broadly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Most of the time, people speak about Title IX when referring to gender equality in college sports, but it actually covers a wider range of sexual discrimination. In the NCAA, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) would analyze a university’s decision to eliminate one of their team sports. They would determine if that school was compliant with Title IX. Some schools cite financial reasons for taking sports out, but that alone is not enough for the OCR. “Title IX requires that the percentage of male/female student-athletes should closely represent the student body population at the university and that the proportion of student aid should closely resemble the participating male/female ratio” (Cranney, 2013). Therefore, the athletic department’s male to female ratio has to be similar to the student body’s ratio as well. One of the reasons that Temple University took away seven of their sports was to balance their athletic department’s male/female ratio, and it would also save the school between $3 to $3.5 million yearly (Cranney, 2013). If the ratio at the athletic department of a school is acceptable, they would have to really show that keeping up certain sports is hurting the school significantly. For the OCR, they will find every reason for a school not to drop any of their sports,...
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...have different viewpoints on the Title IX, campus sexual assault policy. Title IX is a section of the Education Amendments created in 1972. The exact title states “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” (Knowing Title IX). The law was designed to eliminate gender discrimination in federally funded educational institutions. The policy was put into place so all sexes would be treated equally educationally and athletically. Title IX also includes equal rights for each sex pertaining to rape, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Among undergraduate students alone, 23.1 percent of females and 5.4 percent of males, experience sexual assault or rape. Title IX was instituted to prevent gender discrepancies for all aspects, from sexual assault to athletics, in federally funded academic institutions for both the accuser and the accused. Americans generally support one of the two different policies instituted by the Obama and Trump administration. Obama’s policy being a liberal view point, and Trump’s a conservative. The policy...
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