...The term "Psychology" consists of two Greek words — Psyche and Logos. The former means "soul" and the latter means "Science". Psychology thus means science of soul. But the term "soul" cannot be easily explained and understood. This led to the meaning of psychology as the "science of mind". This also raised a number of questions. What is mind? Where is mind? What it does? The answers to these questions are not clear and acceptable to all. Such confusion led to the definition of psychology as "the science of consciousness". But it was contended that man's thought and action are not limited to the stage of "consciousness" alone. Man is active even when he is unconscious. That is why; psychology is called the "science of behavior" which means the study of human nature and activities. Thus the definition of psychology as the "Science of behavior" has been accepted by the majority. What does the term "behavior" mean? According to J.B. Watson, "By behavior" we mean an action which can be seen and observed in an objective way." Behavior is a broad concept. It includes all kinds of activities and experience of an individual. It refers to not only motor or physical activities like walking, talking, writing, but also mental activities like thinking, remembering, imagining and emotional activities, like love, anger and fear. Life manifests through all these activities and behavior is a collective name for all kinds of activities. Behavior is universal. Every living objects behavior...
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...Integration Paper Thiago DeSouza Psychology and the Bible Liberty University Abstract Integration for many years has been a topic of discussion between psychologists and Christian leaders. The debate between the two disciplines has been whether or not the two can coexist together or if the two disciplines should never merge. Epistemology, cosmology, and philosophical anthropology lays down the foundation for integration. Both disciplines seek to understand human behavior and both seek to fix what appears to be broken within humanity. Both disciplines seek for truth. Psychology seeks for truth through science and what has been observed, whereas the source for truth for Christianity is found in God through His Words and His Works. The two may not contradict. There are several models of integration and they look to explain what the relationship between psychology and Christianity ought to be. The Allies model, which is discussed in more depth, holds the view that truth is found in God’s Words and Works and that God is sovereign over all things. Integration Paper The integration of psychology and Christianity has been a topic of discussion for many years and will be for many more years to come. It is important that this discussion is not put aside but rather be openly discussed among members from both disciplines. There are many models within integration and they all offer their own perspectives on the relationship between psychology and Christianity. One is not necessarily...
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...Cognitive Psychology? What did they do that was similar to current Cognitive Psychology? What did they do that was different from current Cognitive Psychology? 2. What is introspection? How did it influence current Cognitive Psychology? What were problems with it? 3. What fields influenced Cognitive Psychology? How did they influence Cognitive Psychology? 4. What are the assumptions of Cognitive Psychology? What does each of them mean? 5. Why do we use time and accuracy measures? What can time and accuracy measures show us? 6. What do eye movement and ERP measures show us? Are there any hypotheses or rationales for using these methods? 7. What is fMRI? What should we be cautious about? 8. What is sensation and perception? 9. What is iconic and echoic memory? 10. What did Sperling do? Why is this important? Be able to describe each experiment—what do the manipulations show us? 11. What is the evidence for echoic memory? 12. Why do we have sensory stores? 13. What are the models/theories of pattern recognition? What is evidence for each model/theory—evidence against each model/theory? Be able to describe research experiments that support or show evidence against each model. 14. What are bottom-up/ top-down processing? What role do these mechanisms play in pattern recognition? 15. What are the different components of attention? 16. What is inattentional blindness? Why does this...
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...Defining Biblical Counseling – Biblical counseling is selflessly helping people with using a God centered, Biblically immersed, use of language and fellowship to help a person bring glory to God in and through their life using Gods Words Truths. Contrary to secular counseling where the counselor is focused on fixing the problem at hand and nothing more, Biblical counseling has a relational aspect to it meaning that it involves a relationship between two people. It also involves going to and using Gods Holy Word for answers and applying it to one’s life by taking steps to change. One must believe Scripture is enough and that God has given Truth to His people. Is the Bible Sufficient? Does it claim to be? As if the historical evidence and truths are not enough, yes the Bible is sufficient and it does claim that it is sufficient for our needs. “In Psalm 19:7-14, David rejoices in Gods Word and declares it to be perfect, trustworthy, right, radiant, enlightening, sure and altogether righteous...
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...to what is believed as part of religion, how strongly the belief is held, the bases for the intellectual assent, and how salient that the belief is in the person’s life. Religious Practice (the Ritualistic Dimension) the religious practice dimension refers to the set of behaviors that are expected of a person who declares belief in a certain religion. The emphasis is not on the effect the religion may have on the “nonreligious” aspects of the person’s daily life, but on the specific acts that are part of the religion itself. The religious feeling (the experiential dimension) –the religious feeling dimension is concerned with the inner mental and emotional world of the individual. In addition to experiential events that people may label “religious experiences” the feeling dimension includes such things as the desire to believe in some religion, the fear of not being religious, the sense of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being that derives from belief and like. Religious knowledge (the intellectual dimension) the religious knowledge dimension refers to the information one has about one’s faith, as compared to belief in the faith. Religious effects (the consequential dimension)-the effects dimension refers to behavior, but not behavior that is formal part of religious practice itself. Rather, the reference here is to the effect one’s religion has on the other “nonreligious” facets of the person’s life. 2. Define Psychological according to the text Psychology means...
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...MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR To read up on models of addictive behaviour, refer to pages 609–618 of Eysenck’s A2 Level Psychology. Ask yourself * Is there a biological basis to addictive behaviour? * Can somebody learn to be an addict? * How might explanations of addiction differ for different addictions? What you need to know MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | EXPLANATIONS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive models of addictive behaviour | * Biological, behavioural (learning), and cognitive explanations for initiation, maintenance, and relapse * Specific explanations of particular addictions including smoking and gambling | MODELS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR The models of addictive behaviour attempt to explain the causes and thereby offer insights into how an addiction develops. The assumptions as to the causes of addiction also affect the approach taken to treatment. Biological model of addictive behaviour According to this model, the main causes of addictive behaviour are biological factors within the individual, for example, a neurochemical imbalance or a genetic predisposition towards addictive behaviour. Thus, the vulnerability to develop an addiction may be inherited and family studies are used to support this explanation. Thus approach assumes that addiction has physical causes and can therefore only be cured through medicine. Behavioural (learning) model of addictive behaviour This model is...
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...Running Head: Consumer Psychology Psychology 1 Consumer psychology “employs theoretical psychological approaches to understanding consumers” (Hawkins, 2007). Many individuals consider this technique a part of industrial-organizational psychology studying how our thoughts, beliefs, feelings and perceptions affect what we buy and that particular relationship to goods and services offered to the general public and businesses (Society for Consumer Psychology). Additionally it is defined as groups, organizations or individuals and the manner they select, buy, or dispose of products and/or services (Hawkins, 2007). It also may encompass ideas and the impact all of these things have on each consumer and society as a whole. In order for a business or organization offering products or services, each must understand the wants and needs of the consumer. Basically, they must figure out what product or trend is popular at a certain point in time. Then it is up to their marketing analysts to target specific groups in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status in relation to products or services that will appeal to specific groups or individuals (Perner, 2012). Obviously, consumer psychology focuses on behavior and how it is applied to consumer issues. It can occur as an individual process or in the context of how groups perceive another’s ideas or influence about purchases. Marketers appeal to these individuals...
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...The Four Goals of Psychology Developed in the nineteenth century, psychology is the study of the human mind and its interaction with its surroundings. Based upon the findings of scientific research, the four goals of psychology are based upon critical thinking. Information taken from this research of observations and measurements makes it a perfect example for learning more about behavior. Describe, understand, predict, and control behavior are the four goals of psychology (Coon, 2007). These four goals help psychologists gain a better understanding of the factors that cause different types of behavior and they are also a thorough way to help identify the problems of these behaviors. When a psychologist describes behavior, they make an attempt to understand what is deemed acceptable, normal and unhealthy in a person’s life. They observe one’s thoughts, feelings, attitudes, goals, motivation, reactions and actions. Usage of case studies, testing, surveys and observations are some of the methods used by them to gain knowledge of one’s behavior. This can harm humanity because, what works for one may not work for the next person. I do not feel that it is right for a person to assume that because the case studies describes your behavior depended upon the way you were raised. This definitely hurts humanity. A psychologist attempts to explain behavior by understanding our universe and where we belong in it. This is a fundamental goal of all science. Explanations can hurt humanity...
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...What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one it's the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with. What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall it's the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the...
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...Chapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have finished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Völkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrasting images of ‘the person’ in social psychology. 5 Identify the roots of and describe the historical development of both experimental and critical social psychology. 6 Describe the main elements of Modernism and Postmodernism, and how these relate to contemporary social psychology. 7 Explain how these two approaches are different, and why they cannot be integrated. Introduction On a March night in 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked by a maniac as she came home from work at 3 A.M. Thirty-eight of her Kew Gardens neighbors came to their windows when she cried out in terror – but no one came to her assistance. Even though the attack, which resulted in her death, lasted more than half an hour, no one even so much as called the police. . . . The thirty-eight witnesses to Kitty 3 4 FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES Genovese’s murder did not merely look at the scene once and then ignore it. Instead they continued to stare out, fascinated, distressed, unwilling to act but unable...
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...General Psychology Instructor Charlotte Nolan-Reyes, PhD Write your name on the BACK MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the ONE BEST answer and circle it clearly. 1. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called ____. a. | introspection | c. | behaviorism | b. | psychology | d. | functionalism | 2. A hypothesis is best defined as: | a. | an if-then type statement that predicts a specific relationship among variables that can then be tested. | b. | the precise meaning of a term which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the phenomenon being investigated. | c. | an organized system of assumptions that attempts to explain a data set (specified phenomena and their interrelationships). | d. | the principle that a scientific theory must allow for hypotheses that are specific enough to all for the possibility tht they theory may be disconfirmed. | | 3. Participants in an experiment on stress management are given a set of stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? a. | They receive no stress reduction techniques and they are not measured. | b. | They receive a random stress reduction technique. | c. | They receive no stress management techniques, but they are measured. | d. | They receive the same techniques as the experimental group, and they are measured. | 4. The early approach to psychology in which...
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...To me, psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. If the word psychology is broken down, the prefix, psych, means mind or mental process and the suffix, ology, and means the study of. I do believe that psychology has evolved. What psychology means to me can differ from the person that is sitting next to me in class than the professors definition of what psychology is and means. I want to learn more about a couple of psychological concepts, one being dreams. Other concepts that I want to learn more about is how addictions can affect us either it be chemically or emotionally; another concept that I want to learn more about is how events in our lives when we were younger can affect us in our adult lives and older. My family does foster care, so it is interesting to see kids from when we just started now and see how my affected them, how being in the system affected them, and how their parents actions have affected them. Another concept that I want to learn more about is how economic statues, geological locations, and religious practices can have effect on a person. I think that someone definition of what psychology is going to depend on a number of things like where they taught, how they were taught, what they remember and even when...
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...DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO CRITICALLY LOOK AT DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES? . The term development is very broad and multi-dimensional that it is a topic dealt with in almost every discipline. Psychology is also a multi-dimensional discipline, and when encompassing development it constructs a field of study known as developmental psychology. The main focus of this area is on human growth throughout the lifespan. Originally, developmental psychology was concerned with infants and children, but the field has since expanded to include adolescence, adult development and aging. This is due to the fact that although childhood is obviously a time of tremendous change, people also continue to grow and develop during the early adult, middle age, and senior years. Inclusive in this field are related topics such as child development, intellectual development, cognitive development, and the aging process. In simpler terms then, developmental psychology is defined as the scientific study of age-related changes that occur in human beings cross different domains over the course of life. The direct focus of developmental psychology on human growth involves thorough observation and examination in order to be able to categorise and label a being. This marking of belonging to a certain group is another transformation underwent...
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...Dialogue between Faith and science assignment: What is the kind of relation between faith, and reason or science ? General: The discoveries we make through science make the people think and ask questions about his identity, sometimes they even change ones ideas about himself. We see for example that by Copernicus revolution about astronomy the people got to know that they are not living in a world that is not found at the centre of the universe, to the contrary to what was thought before but we live in a planet amongst many others. The theory of revolution of Charles Darwin taught people that we are a member of many different species of animals. These discoveries challenge us to think about the world in general, life and humans in a different way. Nowadays faith cannot forget reason and psychology has to be taken with the importance it needs. During this assignment as indicated by the title we are going to see the relationship between faith and psychology (reason). First we start by showing the type of relationship that can take place between them then we explain how and why they go hand in hand with religion. In the second chapter we see how reason challenges our faith, then conclude by giving some suggestions how reason can contribute with faith. The relation between faith and reason: You cannot actually talk about the relation between faith and reason because there are many psychological reasons like there are religions. Faith cannot be separated from the...
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...Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. There are many legal issues that exist in clinical psychology. Two of these legal issues are maintaining confidentiality and getting written consent to treat. A clinical psychologist is required by law to obtain the patients written consent before treating them or before any experiment takes place. A patient can opt out or withdraw consent whenever they deem it appropriate during treatment. If consent is withdrawn the treatment or experiment that involves the patient must stop (Plante, 2011). A psychologist must maintain confidentiality, this means that they are not allowed to disclose personal records and treatment with anyone but the patient unless child abuse is suspected, the patient may harm themselves or another, or there is a court order (Plante, 2011). An example of something that is legal but not ethical would be if there is an order from a judge to provide the records of the patient but the patient is unaware or refuses to consent. The therapist must turn over the patients file, however they may not believe it is ethical because the patient does not consent. 2. What are at least two ethical issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide...
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