and are caused by pathogens. The pathogens live and multiply in the body of the host and they cause damage to the cells and lead to various complications depending on their target organs. The most common types of pathogens include bacteria, protozoa, fungi and Viruses. The modes of action when the pathogens get into the host organism are similar. They first multiply then start destroying different tissues and cells in the host organism. They may release toxins that make the host environment conducive
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Case study 1: 1- Meningitis, since a gram-negative bacteria and phagocytic cell interaction mediated by complement receptor 3. Since bacteria are in side phagocytic cells, then chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to
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antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that are more difficult to treat and are causing food-borne diseases in humans. It is important to identify and reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics on these animals in order to prevent the creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Some of the Difficulties For decades, antibiotics such as Tylosin and Monensin have been used for the treatment of diseases in animals and humans. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved in the 1950’s their use in animal feed as
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Bacteria are among the first life forms present on Earth, and they can be found in almost every environment. They can be in the shape of rods, spirals, and spheres. The genera Bacillus is a rod shaped bacterium that often form chains and can be found in a wide range of habitats. [Tortora, G.] Bacillus can be endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Their thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall encases their cell membrane, making them a gram-positive bacteria. The fact that Bacillus
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-Topic C– Are viruses alive? Viruses were first discovered in the late 19th century, through diseases such as rabies and foot in mouth (Villarreal, 2004). They were originally postulated to be poisons and earnt their name virus from the Latin word virulent, meaning poisonous (Villarreal, 2004). Viruses are non- cellular infecting agents which lack the essential systems necessary for metabolic functions. Nevertheless they have the ability to reproduce and evolve within truly ‘living’ cells. As
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the outer layers, microbes grow as a microbial mat (sort of like a biofilm) -outer laters of mat contain oxygenic phototrips that exude bubbles of oxygen -a few mm below surface, red light supports bacteria photolyzing H2S to sulfate which is then reduced by lowe layers of sulface reducing bacteria -fossils formed as layers of phototropic microbial communities grew and died their form filled in by calcium carbonate or silica -accepted to date as eatly as 3.4 Gyr ago -too deformed to reveal
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A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen for growth. They will only grow at the top portion of the culture media where it meets the air and has a lot of oxygen. Facultative aerobes grow based on what is available to it. They prefer oxygen but oxygen is not necessary for growth. These aerobes mainly cluster at the top of the culture media where they have a high concentration of oxygen but will dispersed throughout
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increased our exposure to insect pests and food safety hazards. Annually, the number of people suffering from food poisoning in industrialized countries increases by 30%. Foodborne illness caused by ingesting contaminated foodstuffs which carry viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites or fungi, usually results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or fever. Symptoms range from mild to severe, and tend to affect the more vulnerable consumers such as babies, pregnant women and the elderly. Many of the germs
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recommendations based on your research. You might also supervise lab workers and technicians and perform lab experiments for government health departments and physicians. A microbiologist is a scientist who studies the properties of fungi, algae, bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Areas of specialization include virology, immunology or bioinformatics. The following chart provides an overview about this career. Degree Required Bachelor's degree Field of Study Microbiology, biochemistry or
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Salmonella Carlos Bass August 23, 2011 Allison Barrett Salmonella is an infection with bacteria. Most people that are infected with salmonella develop diarrhea fever, and abnormal cramps. This illness usually last about 4 to 7 day, and some people recover without treatment. And as for some people the diarrhea may be so severe that the person may have to be hospitalized. In these patients the salmonella infection may spread from intestines to the blood stream and then to other
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