...Pandemic Influenza: Prevention and Preparedness Now that, the flu season has already started, knowing your risk factors, prevention, and preparedness is really important to review. Influenza, commonly know as “the flu”, is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza A or B viruses. The illness appears most frequently from late fall to early spring and attacks the body by spreading through the respiratory tract. According to Flu.gov (2012), pandemic occurs when we have global disease outbreak and is determined by how many deaths it causes and how it spreads. Possible outbreak causes nurses and health care professional to prepare possible plan of action that balances between overreacting and just the right way to go. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline prevention strategies and possible outbreak control. Summary of an Article The article chosen for this assignment was published in May/June 2012, in the Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (Potter et.al, 2012). The authors point out that the difference in emergency preparedness amongst states can significantly delay distribution of vaccines in case of pandemic. The study “explored the effect of variations in states’ levels of preparedness by linking the SNS (Strategic National Stockpile) to calibrated delays in emergency vaccine distribution and by comparing how the delays would affect influenza infection rated within and among states” (Potter et.al, 2012). The research also shows that...
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...Cheung Kong MBA Thesis Oral Defense Jul 30/31, 2011 Takeda’s Vaccine Business Strategy CKMBA0621 Jenny Jie PENG 彭洁 Agenda 1. 2. 3. Why Vaccines? – – Key Trends – – – – Maximize value of current assets Major Drivers for Growth Why Takeda? Why Vaccines Create Opportunity for Takeda Current pipeline opportunities Short and long term growth potential Capability mapping for future growth How? Roadmap to Establish Takeda’s Global Vaccines Business – – – Opportunities and barriers to entry Strategic roadmap to enter global vaccines market and address capability gaps Proposed action plan Why Vaccine? Vaccine Has Become an Attractive Market • • • Vaccine is the most cost-effective tool for disease prevention and reduction of healthcare costs Investment in partnerships and other deals to develop and manufacture vaccines has been on a tear: dollars in government and non-government grants are bringing – Billionways to develop and manufacture new and improved vaccines better, faster worldwide emphasis on – Rising are purchasing a broader preventive health care: Government and private sector set of modern vaccines – Acceleration of vaccine development since the birth flu, SARS, swine flu – The advent of the first multibillion-dollar vaccines, have further boosted their appeal Vaccines now are viewed as a crucial path to growth, as drug makers look for ways to bolster slowing prescription medicine sales amid intensifying generic competition and government pressure to cut...
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...version 4: Influenza A". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm. [dead link] 1. ^ a b c d e f "Swine influenza". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. ISBN 1442167424. http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/121407.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2009. 2. ^ [1][dead link] 3. ^ Heinen PP (15 September 2003). "Swine influenza: a zoonosis". Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow. ISSN 1569-0830. http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html. "Influenza B and C viruses are almost exclusively isolated from man, although influenza C virus has also been isolated from pigs and influenza B has recently been isolated from seals." 4. ^ Bouvier NM, Palese P (September 2008). "THE BIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES". Vaccine 26 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039. PMC 3074182. PMID 19230160. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3074182. 5. ^ Kimura H, Abiko C, Peng G et al. (April 1997). "Interspecies transmission of influenza C virus between humans and pigs". Virus Research 48 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01427-X. PMID 9140195. 6. ^ a b Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K et al. (February 2002). "Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Influenza C Viruses Which Caused Two Outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2): 422–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002. PMC 153379. PMID 11825952. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi...
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...Website Review and Summary Paola Gervassi HCS/457 January 16, 2014 Juan Nevarez Website Review and Summary * * ind national, state, and local governmental health agency websites that address the issue you selected in your Week One assignment. Follow the example to document your findings in the table. Health issue: _H1N1 Website | Website Information Type | Type of Surveillance: survey, self report, statistics, case report, and so forth | Data changes over time: Has the incidence increased or decreased? | Identify two interventions that affect the issue. | Example: http://www.cdc.gov/media/h1n1flu/index.htm#FAS | Table of contents, search, print, videos, surveillance data current and past, deaths, hospitalizations, and educational resources | Statistics and self-reporting | Swine flu incidences have decreased. There are now isolated cases, compared to the fall of 2009. | Vaccine, hand washing, and isolation masks | Local website: health.mo.gov/living/lpha/ | Publications and data & statistics laws & regulations, resources | applications & formscases statistics events and meeting and agendas | provides technical support, laboratory services, a communication network and other services to support local public health efforts to decrease incidence+ | work to control communicable diseases such as flu and supports local public health services | Local website: | | | | | State website: | | | | | State website: | | | | | National website:...
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...Outbreak Investigation Summary Report Case Overview: In the college, the 4 main diseases that began to spread were Bacterial Meningitis, Infectious mononucleosis, Flu, and Strep Throat. One of the diseases that was spreading in college was Meningococcal Meningitis, which is caused by the bacteria Neisseria Meningitidis. This bacteria is very common and likely to spread within young adults. Meningococcal Meningitis is a severe disease in which although many recover, if not treated on time it can lead to serious complications, such as learning disabilities, brain damage, and hearing loss. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord. This disease develops when bacteria enters the bloodstream making its way towards the brain. It is highly contagious and can be spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions. Meningitis symptoms are easily developed within hours or 2 days. Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, confusion, vomiting, seizures, sleepiness, loss of appetite, and skin rash. The longer the disease goes without being treated, the greater the risk the patient is taking to suffer from permanent neurological damage, which includes: hearing and memory loss, learning disabilities, brain...
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...Health & religion as social determinants of health: (Summary) In 1946 the WHO (world Health Organisation) introduced a new public health paradigm which concentrated on health as being holistic approach explaining the complete state off wellness is to be “Physically, emotionally, socially and spiritually” healthy. There have been many literature articulated by sociologist regarding the aspect off religion and spirituality influence or effect on health of individuals lives. Spirituality often described being more fluid, eclectic and individualised than religion in which religion is often highlighted as structural and formal and embedded in tradition and doctrine. However there are differing perspectives and one may be religious but not spiritual and vice versa. Case study: positive impact of religious & spiritual practices. One case study undertaken in one Sydney hospital revealed that approximately 80% of interviewees claimed rituals can help when they are sick due to support, strength, relaxation and guidance it offers the human being. Cases of societal tension based on religion, spirituality and health: Although there are many positive aspects accompanying religion/spirituality with health, there have been cases of societal tension. Such events include: • The avoidance of immunisation of children from parents with fundamental religion and philosophical background. Within contemporary society there have been great emphasis on minoring...
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...Resources and Services Summary The influenza has been considered a sickness throughout the world. Each community has set up several resources to help control and help those who get influenza throughout the year. As a team, we have identified resources and services throughout the community. Also how these services and resources serve the community needs. As well has how to promote the communities health and wellness. There are several resources available to our community. Partners in Pediatrics, a local pediatric clinic offers daily updates on the current Influenza cases and vaccine information on their website. They also offer a flu hotline that people can call to hear the most up to date local information on the disease. Everyone should use the sanitizing wipes when entering stores such as Target and Wal-Mart as another resource to ensure their good health. These services promote good health by providing resources to the community. The pediatric clinic keeps the community informed about health issues while providing treatment options. The stores that offer the sanitizing wipes for customer use help prevent the spread of germs, and illness throughout the community, which promotes good health. Promoting vaccination is a great way to increase the community's wellbeing by offering preventative care at a convenient location. Reducing the number of germs that a spread in public places encourages the public to fight the spread of communicable disease actively. In conclusion, the...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...“Health promotion is defined as an art and science of helping people discover the synergies between their core passions and optimal health, enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health and supporting them in changing their lifestyles to move toward a state of optimal health”. (O’Donnell, 2009) The purpose of health promotion is to equip individuals, groups and communities to attain high quality and longer lives that are free of preventable diseases, disabilities, injury, and pre-mature death. (U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Today’s society, individuals are living longer, with diseases still abundant, and healthcare cost on the rise there is a greater need for health promotion. In the new healthcare reform, nurses will play a vital part in health promotion and disease prevention in all levels; Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. Affordable Care Act is here and healthcare is changing as well as the role of nursing. The new healthcare focus on health promotion and disease prevention vs disease oriented. Nurses are one of the key players in the new healthcare reform. For this reason, the roles and responsibilities of nurses are evolving with the times. One of the primary role of nursing is the responsibility as educator in health promotion and disease prevention. Another important Nurse’s role is the function as a case manager or coordinator for individual health promotion. The case manager’s role, the nurse has the responsibility to collaborate...
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...problem Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schematic diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . Significance of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Review of related literature Related literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography Chapter I HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 20th Century, brought with it fear, superstition and prejudice. This disease is not the first one where society has imposed social stigmas, political agendas and outright pandemonium. Misunderstandings of other diseases like the bubonic plague, small pox and the Spanish flu also have caused hysteria among populations around the world, but the main difference between these epidemics and that of AIDS/HIV is that AIDS is a modern epidemic staged in a new world of influential media outlets, politics and new social stigmas. In order to combat the societal misunderstandings of AIDS/HIV, one must understand the disease itself. When referring to AIDS/HIV, one is actually talking about two different...
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...infection and prevention of the disease as it known today. Introduction A pandemic is an epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads through human populations across a large regions such as a continent or spreads worldwide (Pandemic, 2010). Since the eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds, the United States has battled many pandemics and outbreaks of various diseases that have had devastating effects on the public health during the periods they existed by causing thousands of deaths. Pandemics such as the polio pandemic which broke out in 1916 was responsible for killing 6,000 people, the great influenza of 1918 also known as the Spanish Flu was responsible for killing 50 to 100 million people in just six months (The Worst Outbreaks of Disease, n.d.). The number of people killed by this flu is staggering, however it created a nightmare in 1916 considering there were only 1.8 billion people living in the United States at the time (The Worst Outbreaks of Disease, n.d.). Since 1916 the population in the United States has continued to grow to a population of 309,139,446 billion people as of the date of this research paper (US & World Population Clock, n.d.). With a...
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...Eliminating Malaria Brown 1 Malaria was first discovered in ancient times. The cause of Malaria was discovered by French scientist Alphonse Laveran in 1880 and 20 years later the type of mosquito responsible for the transmission was discovered by scientists in Italy and India. There is no malaria vaccine that has been proven to be effective and researchers all over the world are working to find a vaccine that will eventually eliminate malaria. Despite the obstacles, they are optimistic that a vaccine is in reach. Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium and it is transmitted by certain types of mosquitos. Once bitten, the parasite targets liver cells and then proceeds to target red blood cells (RBCs). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), “Because the malaria parasite is found in RBCs, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood. Malaria also may be transmitted from a mother to her fetus before or during delivery” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 12). Malaria is very uncommon in the United States; however, it is still widespread in tropical and subtropical countries. It is mainly a problem in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Indo-Pacific regions. According to Dr. Ananya Mandal: In 2010, according to the World Health Organization, there were 216 million episodes of malaria and 655,000 deaths worldwide...
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...Ethnicity Health Assessment Introduction Healthcare access across the world is vastly different between countries. The citizens of those countries also have varying opinions of those healthcare systems. Some of these countries utilize private healthcare systems. That is where the citizen is responsible for their healthcare. Some countries use government run systems. In some countries, it is up to the citizen to decide which route they want to choose. It is important for people to know what is available to them and to understand what each of the systems mean. After interviewing an individual who lived in of Canada for many years, it is easy to see the differences between their healthcare model and the United States’ model. How would you rate the healthcare quality on a scale from 1-10? The individual interviewed stated that he would give the Canadian healthcare system an eight out of ten. This person stated that healthcare access had been very easily obtained for him. He also stated that he had no difficulty in scheduling appointments with primary care providers. Also, he had to have a knee surgery and getting that taken care of was not a stress at all. One of the other reasons he rated it so high is that it is free. That is something that is greatly different between Canada and the United States. Also, in comparison to hospitals in the United States, the hospitals in Canada are not as nice. With that in mind, he said it was worth it because it was free...
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...Ebola viral disease: What is to be Done? On March 21, 2014, there was a report of a disease that was ripping through African countries. It was soon discovered that the disease was the Ebola viral disease also known as EVD. In a matter of a few short months, the Ebola virus was reported in three of Guinea’s Conakry city districts named Gueckedou, Macenta, and Kissidougou, in Liberia’s Foya district, and in Sierra Leone (Dixon, Meredith G., and Ilana J. Schafer). On October 23, 2014, there was the first recorded Ebola case in the United States. There would be three more confirmed cases before the news would declare that the United States was Ebola-free. Those that had been infected with the virus had picked them up while in Guinea and had been transported to the U.S. for treatment. There was a scare when two health care personnel tested positive with the virus while caring for others. However, due to Emory Hospital’s fantastic protocols, the virus was contained and eventually cleared from the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Nonetheless, the Ebola viral disease is a deadly virus most commonly found in African countries in which outbreaks have occurred throughout history; but through careful procedures, and a change in current ideals, it can be contained and even prevented on a broader scale. The first main concept is the Ebola is a deadly disease that has affected hundreds around the world and currently does not have a cure. According to...
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