...Thermofluids Thermal Power Lab Report T1 (Gas Turbine), Prof. T. Megaritis T2 (Refrigeration, Dr L. Ganippa Contribution to total module mark: 15% Suggested Allocation time: 20 hours Submission Date: Tuesday 8 January 2013 NO LATER THAN 4:00pm on the submission date to the General Office for FULL credit. Otherwise, a penalty for late submission as specified by the Board of Studies will apply. (NOTE: ANY MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES must be notified a.s.a.p. Failure to print work on the project in good time, or other machine-related failure will not be deemed to be a Mitigating Circumstance). Aims: • To show an understanding of the principles of vapour compression refrigeration cycle • To appreciate and apply thermodynamic analysis to a refrigerator • To show an understanding of the principles of a gas turbine power plant Specification of Assignment: The assignment comprises two parts: Part 1: Laboratory report on Refrigeration Experiment Part 2: Brief description of the gas turbine apparatus, its operation and sample calculation Specification of the material to be submitted: Marking Scheme Front cover: Title, name, group number, and the date of experiments Introduction and objectives of the Refrigeration Experiment 5% Sketch and brief description of the Refrigeration Experimental Setup 5% Refrigeration Laboratory Results (sample calculation for one of the tests) 35% Refrigeration Laboratory Discussion and Conclusions 35% Brief description of the gas turbine apparatus, its operation...
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...Student Number: D10119909 Programme/Course: DT022/3 Group: A Date of lab: 09/04/2013 Abstract Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction and Procedure 3 Calculations 3 Theory 3 Mass Flow rate analysis 4 Exhaust Gas 6 Results 7 Conclusion 8 Reference 9 Equivalent ratio of a gas turbine Introduction and Procedure For this experiment, a two shaft gas turbine (ET792) was used. At the core of ET792 are a so-called gas generator and a free-running power turbine. The gas generator consists of a radial compressor, a combustion chamber and a radial turbine. The compressor and turbine are mounted on a shaft. The gas turbine works as an open cyclic process, with the ambient air being drawn out and fed back in. Intake and exhaust silencers reduce the noise in operation of the power turbine. The use of propane as the combustion gas ensures clean, odorless operation. A start-up fan is used to start the gas turbine. The air is compressed and fed to the combustion chamber. Before it enters the combustion chamber the air is slowed by means of a diffuser. The air is then split into primary and secondary. The primary air mixes and burns with the fuel and the secondary air cool the exhaust gases. Relevant measuring values are recorded by sensors and indicated on the display and control panel. The energy of the exhaust gas stream is either converted into mechanical energy in the free-running power turbine or accelerated and transformed into thrust via a nozzle. Here, first...
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...cycle. Specifically, these parameters include the pressure ratio, TminTmax ratio, regenerator effectiveness, and compressor and turbine efficiencies, assuming the working fluid to be air at 100kPa and 300K at the compressor inlet. Model calculations are presented for all combinations of the following parameters: Pressure Ratio: 5, 10, 15, 20 Maximum cycle temperature: 1500 K, 2000 K, 2500 K, 3000 K * TminTmax ratio = 0.2 (@1500K), 0.15 (@2000K), 0.12 (@2500K), 0.1 (@3000K) Compressor adiabatic efficiency: 75%, 85%, 100% Turbine adiabatic efficiency: 75%, 85%, 100% Regenerator effectiveness: 75%, 85%, 100% These results are utilized to construct graphical representations for comparison in pursuit of determining the best process for a given set of design constraints. The net work output and thermal efficiency are found to be increasing with regenerative effectiveness, and the compressor and turbine efficiencies. The cycle efficiency generally decreased with an increasing pressure ratio. ------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND THEORY The man who created the Brayton cycle to be used in reciprocating oil-burning engines was George Brayton. The Brayton cycle is used today for gas turbines in which both the compression and the expansion processes take place in the rotating machinery. The first successful gas turbine was introduced around the 1930’s...
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...Brayton Cycle Reading 9-8 → 9-10 Problems 9-78, 9-84, 9-108 Open Cycle Gas Turbine Engines • after compression, air enters a combustion chamber into which fuel is injected • the resulting products of combustion expand and drive the turbine • combustion products are discharged to the atmosphere • compressor power requirements vary from 40-80% of the power output of the turbine (remainder is net power output), i.e. back work ratio = 0.4 → 0.8 • high power requirement is typical when gas is compressed because of the large specific volume of gases in comparison to that of liquids Idealized Air Standard Brayton Cycle • closed loop • constant pressure heat addition and rejection • ideal gas with constant specific heats 1 Brayton Cycle Efficiency The Brayton cycle efficiency can be written as η = 1 − (rp )(1−k)/k where we define the pressure ratio as: P2 P1 P3 P4 rp = = 2 Maximum Pressure Ratio Given that the maximum and minimum temperature can be prescribed for the Brayton cycle, a change in the pressure ratio can result in a change in the work output from the cycle. The maximum temperature in the cycle (T3 ) is limited by metallurgical conditions because the turbine blades cannot sustain temperatures above 1300 K. Higher temperatures (up to 1600 K can be obtained with ceramic turbine blades). The minimum temperature is set by the air temperature at the inlet to the engine. 3 Brayton Cycle with Reheat • T3 is limited due to metallurgical constraints...
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...Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering Kalavakkam – 603 110, Kanchipuram (Dist) Tamil Nadu, India subramanianm@ssn.edu.in 20-July-2010 Rankine cycle layout 20-July-2010 M Subramanian Rankine cycle 20-July-2010 M Subramanian Rankine cycle with reheat Power plant operation • Rankine cycle with reheat – to reduce the formation of water droplets in turbine, and to increase the efficiency of the cycle. • In order to maximize the efficiency of a steam power plant it is desirable to operate as high a temperature as possible in the super-heater. However, above about 650oC various forms of metal fatigue become significant due to very high temperatures and pressures that the walls of the boiler tubes have to withstand. • A typical 500 MW coal-fired plant consumes around 250 tonnes of coal an hour. Efficiency of Thermal Power Plant • The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching super critical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small: turbine entry temperatures are typically 565°C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30°C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. • The power output or capacity of an electric plant can be expressed in units of megawatts electric (MWe). The electric efficiency of...
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...employment with you. Biography: Birth Date: 17/4/1966 Nationality: Egyptian. Marital Status: Married. Military Service: Completed. Education: 5/1989 B.sc of mechanical Power Engineering, Mansoura University, Faculty Of Engineering. 7/1999 Master degree in Power Stations, Mansoura University, Faculty of Engineering. Technical training: - Refrigeration and Air Conditioning from Engineering Syndicate . - Maintenance and Repairing Cars from Engineering Syndicate . - Operation and Maintenance of Sulzer Gas Turbine Power Plant. - Operation and Maintenance of General Electric Gas Turbine Power Plant. - Introduction of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant . - Training Program for Ayoun...
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...General Electric and Westinghouse and will be evaluating the competitive positioning of both companies. BRIEF SUMMARY Market Turbine generators produced over 80% of the US power supply. Tribunes were the major cost item of the electrical utilities. Therefore any reduction in the prices of turbines increased market share. The buyer of turbines was electric utilities which are owned by the government – federal, state or local – and private investors. The top 25 utilities accounted for 55% of the US demand for turbine generating capacity. The demand for turbines was depended on the peak electricity demand forecasts, which tended to be highly cyclical, of utilities. Furthermore utilities bought large units infrequently rather than purchasing smaller units more regularly since there are rapid advances in turbine technology and turbines require high capital cost. There was two months lag between the order and the shipment due to engineering and manufacturing of the product. The procurement process of government electric utilities was composed of a sealed bids submitted to their specifications. On the other hand procurement process of private investor owned negotiated with manufacturers under manufacturers did not know which type of turbine the competitor proposed or its price. The negotiation process between a private investor owned utility and turbine producer started between procurement agent and sales agent and finalized between top level executives. Pricing of competitor was...
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...electricity. Two alternatives are under consideration. One is to construct a combustion turbine plant, which is particularly well suited for peaking operation because of its low capital cost. Its most serious disadvantage is its poor thermal efficiency, which affects the fuel and operating costs. Also under consideration is a fuel-cell plant, which provides better thermal efficiency even though it is relatively more expensive to construct. Assume the fuel and operating costs are expected to increase at the rate of 6% per year, even though the amount of energy produced is expected to be the same each year. The fuel cost in any year n is represented by the following expression: Fn=(C)(H)(U)[8,760(hours/year)/106] * Pn Where Pn = Pn-1 (1+0.06) The operating cost in any year n is given by: On =(C)(H)(U)(8,760hrs/year/106)* Qn Where Qn=Qn-1(1+0.06). It would be 2 years before either plant would be in full commercial operation. The revenue generated each year is assumed to be the same and to exceed the total AE (i) cost for either plant. The following are the economic and operational data associated with each type of generated plant.(Assume all construction costs occur when plant commences full commercial operation). | Combustion Turbine | Fuel Cell-plant | C=Plant Size(kw) | 150,000 | 150,000 | H=Heat Rate(Btu/kwh)...
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...How Jet Engines Work and Produce Thrust Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Basic Components of a Jet Engine 4 2.2 Compressor 4 2.3 Combustor 5 2.4 Turbine 5 2.5 Exhaust Duct/Nozzle 5 4.0 Creation of Thrust in a Turbojet Engine 7 5.0 Conclusion 9 6.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction According to Hunecke (1997), jet engines, also known as gas turbine engines, are the most widespread and most efficient method used for airplane propulsion currently. The Jet engine uses basic principles and concepts of motion but applying it using a combination of complex mechanical systems to achieve thrust. There are many types of jet engines; however, this paper will concentrate on the Turbojet Engine to explain the workings of the jet engine to achieve thrust and propulsion. 1.1 How the turbojet Engine Works Turbojet Engines apply Newton’s Third Law of Motion that states, “For every motion there is an equal and opposite reaction” (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4). Simply, when a burnt mixture is ejected backwards from an engine, a forward force is generated on the engine and thus on the aircraft. The bigger the backward force the bigger the forward force (reaction force). Thrust is created when the burnt mixture pushed out the back is ejected at higher velocity than that of the air being sucked in. (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4) The engine’s fans suck air in at the front. A compressor, made up of fans with many blades and attached to the shaft, elevates the pressure of the air...
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...Aviation Lubricants in Russia Today and Future 2nd International Conference Lubricants Russia - 2006 Moscow 22 November 2006 P. A. Mikheichev, O. A. Lebedev, FSUE GosNII GA, Moscow Lubricants used in Russian Civil Aviation Mineral-based oils MS-8P aviation oil MS-20 aviation oil SM-4.5 oil mix TC-hyp transmission oil ОСТ 38.01163 ГОСТ 21743 ОСТ 54-3-175-72 ТУ 38.1011332 Synthetic oils VNII NP 50-1-4f oil VNII NP 50-1-4u oil ГОСТ 13076 ТУ 38.401-58-12 Polyalphaolefin oils IPM-10 VO-12 ТУ 38.1011299 ТУ 38.401-58-359 Aircraft and engine types and oil grades applied Aircraft type Tupelev-134 Tupelev-154 Tupelev-204 Tupelev-214 Ilyushin-76 Ilyushin-86 Ilyushin-96-300 Ilyushin-114 Yak-42 Antonov-24, Antonov-26 Antonov-124 Mi-8 (various modifications Мi-26 Engine type Domestic D-30 D-30 KU PS-90А PS-90А D-30 KP NK-86 PS-90А TV 7-117S D-36 Ai-24 D-18T TV3-113 D-136 MS-8P MS-8P IPM-10 IPM-10 MS-8P MS-8P IPM-10 B-3V IPM-10 VNII NP 50-1-4F(U) SM-4.5 oil mix IPM-10 B-3V IPM-10 Oil applied Foreign Turbonycoil 321 Turbonycoil 321 Mobil 319А-2 Turbonycoil 210А Mobil 319А-2 Turbonycoil 210А Turbonycoil 321 Turbonycoil 321 Mobil 319А-2 Turbonycoil 210А Turbonycoil 98 Shell Oil 390 Turbonycoil 306 Mobil 319А-2 Turbonycoil 98 Turbonycoil 210А Reasons for the fall in production of aviation lubricants in Russia lack of quality oil base stocks for oil production; restricted assortment and production volumes of antioxidant, anticorrosive, anti-wear and anti-scuff additives; decommissioning...
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...Starting and Ignition Systems Gas turbines unlike piston engines employ a continuous combustion process to provide the heat input to their working cycle. Once ignited the fuel burns continuously until the engine is shut down, at this point the combustion is extinguished by cutting off the fuel supply. When a gas turbine is started, a means of igniting the fuel is required, in most cases this is provided by an electric spark. One or more ignitor plugs are placed in the combustion chamber usually close to a fuel burner nozzle. When the fuel is switched on the spray from the burner reaches the plug and ignites. Most small gas turbines only have one ignitor plug, but in some cases when an engine is constructed with an annular combustion chamber, two are fitted at opposite sides of the combustion chamber. Ingination Like piston engines GTEs are also fitted with dual ignition systems. These are rated in Joules (watt per second or w/s). The life of the igniters is extended by limiting the amount of energy required. So if continuous use is necessary, for example in heavy rain, snow and or turbulence, power output is reduced. Most systems have low and high output igniters and both are used during start where the low output igniter is used for continuous use. Modern electronic igniter systems can be regulated in energy output (J) as required High Tension Ignition This process is not dissimilar to piston engine ignition systems. A step up transformer or "ignition coil" provides...
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...Electrical Engineering: CGPA 2.698 NFC (IEFR) Faisalabad (Affiliated With UET Lahore). r 2004-2006: 70% F.Sc (Pre-Engineering): Peshawar public college 2002-2004: Cell: Matriculation (Science): AL-karim public high school 81% PROFESSIONAL STATEMENT +92-334-9104903 E-mail: To work in such an atmosphere where I can learn and use my skills to prove my ability and to satisfy my ambitions for the corporate sector 2007 -2011: B engrzahid686@gmail.co m Nationality: INTERNSHIP and TRAININGS Pakistani NIC #: 17101-8492097-7 Date of Birth: Jan 11, 1988 WAPDA ENGINEERING ACADEMY FAISALABAD (1 Year educational training) Work on following Simulators: Analog Simulator Gas turbine power plant Simulator Steam power plant simulator High Voltage simulator Transmission & distribution Simulator Terbala hydro power plant Work as an Internee (from July 04, 2011 to Aug 04, 2011) Languages: English, Urdu, and pushtoo. Domicile: Charsadda (Kpk Pakistan) PROJECTS Main Project: DC motor controlling through microcontroller. Mini Project: PLC based monitoring and controlling of generator parameters. COMPUTER LITERACY Programming Soft wares Known: Electronic Work Bench, Proteus General: ● Operating systems: Windows 7, XP, 2000, Vista. ● Application Packages: Ms (Office) and Adobe Software....
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...Natural gas is a vital component of the world’s supply of energy. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources. Natural gas is a fossil fuel. Like oil and coal, this means that it is, essentially, the remains of plants and animals and microorganisms that lived millions and millions of years ago. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, natural gas was used primarily for street and building lighting, providing what was known as gaslight. Today, improved distribution of gas has made possible a wide variety of uses in homes, businesses, factories, and power plants. The U.S. Energy Information Administration projects a 50 percent rise in global natural gas consumption between 2010 and 2035, with growth in Brazil and China driving increased demand. One of the main reasons for this increase is due to electric power. Natural gas power plants usually generate electricity in gas turbines, directly using the hot exhaust gases of fuel combustion. There are numerous reasons why natural gas is becoming more reliant for generating electricity than other fossil fuels. While coal is the cheapest fossil fuel for generating electricity, it is also produces more pollution. The electric generation industry, in fact, has traditionally been one of the most polluting industries in the United States. Regulations surrounding the emissions of power plants have forced these electric generators to come up with new methods of generating power, while lessening environmental damage...
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...Process is a process which was developed by Linde/statoil LNG technology Alliance. It was implemented in order to reduce the cost and construction time of producing the plant. (Berger,E, Forg, W...2003 pg 12) The process is a single train 4 million tpy LNG plant (Shukre,F and Wheeler,F 2004 pg 3). The main factors of introducing this process to be used in Northern Australia is because it consists of a better procedure and strategy required for the production of LNG, it costs less to assemble the plant with the equipment purchased in order to liquefy the gas and also construction time is reduced (Berger,E, Forg, W...2003 pg 12). Not only can it be economically effective but it is also environmentally friendly. Description /Procedure The below diagram is of how the mixed fluid cascade process operates. The referigerents are made up of methane, ethane, propane and nitrogen (Shukre,F and Wheeler,F 2004 pg 3). Firstly, the natural gas (fed stream) comes in from the top and goes through three mixed refrigerants cycles (red stream). The pre-cooling cycle (green stream) consists of a mixture of Methane and Propane which is compressed in C1 according to the below diagram. It then is liquefied (purple stream) in sea water cooler C1 and sub cooled (blue stream) in E1A (Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). One part is then throttled to an intermediate pressure and used as refrigerant in E1A. The other part is further sub cooled in heat exchanger E1B, throttled to the suction pressure...
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...Needs Analysis Training and Development HR 592 Introduction The purpose of the survey is to give the employee the opportunity to provide opinions on where Solar Turbines Inc. should focus their attention in order to improve the climate and productivity of the Test Department. The survey was complete and analyzed, the results will be used to improve in areas of training and development. The results of the assessment was analyzed by our human resource department, the two student from Keller School of Management and will be shared with the members of the organization shortly after a training package is put in place. Organization Business Solar Turbines, Inc. a Caterpillar Company and the maker of Gas Turbine engines and compressor units have been making gas turbines engines and compressors units for more than eight decades. These units are primarily used for applications such as electrical power generation, and transporting natural gas and oil in big company pipelines. Organization Goals At Solar Turbines, our goals include: people, which speaks to attracting and developing the best talent; customer, which speaks to taking pride in helping our customers succeed; and stockholders whom we deliver superior returns. We refer to these goals in our “Vision 2020” statement. In this vision statement we combine Strategic notions of Superior results, Global Leader, Best Team and customer focus, deep expertise, competitive cost, valued products and services, and...
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