Study Guide: Quiz 5 | Quiz Preparation Tasks: | Your Answers and Notes | 10 | The Internally Integrated Human Animal | | 10.1 | The Integrated Human | | | List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body. | Muscular system does the work; Skeletal System provides leverage for the muscular system to get you up the stairs; Cardiovascular System services your muscles with nutrients and oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide and other molecular wastes from them; respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body as a whole; digestive system supplies the nutrients to be brought to the muscle tissues; integumentary system to remove the heat your muscles are generating; nervous system (the sympathetic part) responds to the physical stress you are putting on your body; endocrine system a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function; The wastes being produced by the muscles’ metabolism will be removed by the urinary system; your immune response, produced by the lymphatic system; | | As a student runs up the stairs, which 2 body systems would be most immediate in their support of the muscular system in this activity? | Muscular and Skeletal systems | | As a student runs up the stairs, her ____________ system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to moderate her body temperature. | Integumentary System | 10.2 | The Muscular System | | | Muscle Structural Organization | | | A muscle is composed of thousands of muscle cells (fibers) bound into groups of 100 or more fibers called ____________, each of which is surrounded by ____________ tissue called perimysium. | Fascicles.Connective tissue | | What is the name of a contractile unit of a muscle? | Sarcomeres | | Muscle Contraction | | | During muscle contraction, ____________ filaments use protein heads to attach sequentially to sites on actin filaments. | Myosin | | Control of Contraction: Ions, Gradients, and Membrane Potentials | | | While waiting for a signal to contract, a muscle cell membrane maintains a slightly higher positive charge on the ____________ of the membrane only because ____________ pumps are available to generate this difference. | If more positive ions accumulate on the outside of the cell membrane and more negative ones are on the inside of the cell membrane, the inside of the membrane gains a net negative charge compared to the outside (see Figure 10.6a). This is the case in our cells. Each cell membrane contains special proteins called sodium-potassium ATPase pumps, or Na-K-ATPase pumps (see Figure 10.6b). These pumps use energy from ATP to push ions “uphill” against their concentration gradients. For each cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are pumped outside the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, resulting in more positive ions outside the cell than in it. | | Contraction of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle | | | Which of the 3 general types of muscle tissue helps to keep both your blood pressure regulated and your digestive processes effective? | Smooth muscle serves many critical organismal functions (see Table 10.1); it helps keep our blood pressure regulated and our digestive processes effective. | | Name the calcium-binding proteins in smooth muscle and those in skeletal muscle. | 1. In smooth muscle, a distinct controlling component, calmodulin, determines the level of myosin-actin pulling instead of the tropomyosin used in skeletal muscle. | 10.3 | The Cardiovascular System | | | Blood: A Medium of Exchange | | | What is the most common molecule found in blood? | Blood is made up of plasma and formed elements that are cells or parts of cells (see Figure 10.9). In the plasma (which is mostly water) are proteins, hormones, nutrients and wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide. | | Blood Vessels: The Body’s Avenue of Life | | | In which type of vessels do the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and of nutrients and cell wastes occur (principally)? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart and to the body’s tissues. They are muscular tubes that can change their diameter based on the body’s needs at a given time. While you are climbing the stairs of the Monument, the arteries supplying your skeletal muscles will dilate (or open), allowing more blood—more oxygen and nutrients—to reach the muscles while carrying away more wastes and more carbon dioxide. | | The Heart: The Dynamo of Human Life | | | Systolic blood pressure is the ____Higher________ number of a blood pressure reading. It is recorded when the left _____Ventricle_______ contracts. | When the powerful left ventricle conracts, pressure in the arteries increases temporarilyWhen the heart contracts, the pulse pressure is at its highest value; we call that the systolic pressure—the higher number of your blood pressure reading. | | Trace the route of blood flow through the human heart. | Read under Figure 10.12 for detailed blood flow | 10.4 | Basic Concepts of Immunity | | | List 3 general lines of defense in the human immune system. | BARRIERS AT BODY SURFACES (nonspecific targets) * Intact skin; mucous membranes at other body surfaces * Infection-fighting chemicals in tears, saliva, etc. * Normally harmless bacterial inhabitants of skin and other body surfaces that can outcompete pathogenic visitors * Flushing effect of tears, saliva, urination, and diarrhea NONSPECIFIC RESPONSES (nonspecific targets)Inflammation: 1. Fast-acting white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) 2. Macrophages (also take part in immune responses)Organs with pathogen-killing functions (such as lymph nodes)Some cytotoxic cells (e.g., NK cells) with a range of targets | IMMUNE RESPONSES (specific targets only) * T cells and B cells; macrophages interact with them Communication signals and chemical weapons (e.g., antibodies) | | | Your First Line of Defense | | | The ______cilia______ lining your bronchial passages entrain microbes, carrying them away to your acid-laden stomach where they will die. | But as you inhale these microbes, they get entrained in the mucous secretions in your bronchial passages and slowly the cilia on the cells lining your bronchi carry those microbes and their mucus vehicle to your pharynx, where you swallow them | | Your Second Line of Defense | | | Name the contrasting sites in the body where macrophages and neutrophils patrol for foreign objects. | These include the widespreadneutrophils in the blood and macrophages in the tissues. Both of these ingest and digest foreign cells and particles | | List 4 basic signs and symptoms of inflammation. | In an area of the body where an infection is beginning, chemical signals from various leukocytes cause local capillaries to become dilated and more leaky. Increased release of fluid and cells into this area of tissue causes the redness, swelling, heat, and pain associated with inflammation. | | Your Third Line of Defense | | | List 4 fundamental characteristics of the Adaptive Immune Response. | 1. Requires exposure to foreign agent; non-innate2. Is specific for the particular foreign agent3. Is transferable from one host to another4. Is remembered when foreign agent returns a second time. | | Neither B lymphocytes nor T lymphocytes are able by themselves to respond to foreign antigen. They must at some point be induced to proliferate (divide) by interaction with what type of cells? | The T cells sense these foreign molecular surfaces as displayed on the antigen-presenting cells. The B cells recognize those same foreign surfaces directly on the foreign cell itself. One group of T cells called helper T cells responds to foreign surfaces by dividing many times to form a population of cells that start putting out a “hey, there’s something foreign here!” chemical signal (see Figure 10.17d). | | Preparing Your Immunity System: The Preemptive Strike | | | When a vaccine is given to a person with a healthy immune system, what is the long-term result? | 1. Vaccination generates these memory populations by using harmless vaccines to force B and T cells to respond to foreign antigen. When the real virulent pathogen arrives, the memory populations are present to attack it. | | Vaccination works because your immune system ____________ the same foreign entity if you are re-infected with it. | Later on, if you are exposed to a virulent form of that pathogen, your body already has immunologic memory built up and can mount an immune response much faster and more effectively than if you had not been vaccinated against that foreign invader. | 10.5 | The Human Digestive System | | | For these 5 digestive system organs—stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine—list their principle function(s). | From the mouth, food moves (via smooth muscle) down the esophagus into the stomach, where more chemical and much more mechanical digestion take place as the stomach muscles churn the food. After being mixed in the stomach, the food (now called chyme) is deposited into the small intestine, where most of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream takes place (see Figure 10.21). Many enzymes from the pancreas along with bile that was generated in the liver and stored in the gallbladder are emptied into the small intestine to help break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into monomers that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The final stop of food’s journey is the large intestine, where most of the remaining water and some vitamins are absorbed before any indigestible material and wastes finally exit the body as feces. | | The role of the hepatic portal system is to help the ____________ to control nutrient levels in your circulatory system. | Our bodies break down carbohydrates such as starches into simple sugars like glucose, while proteins are broken down into single amino acids, and triglycerides (fats) are broken down into smaller monomers such as fatty acids and glycerol. These nutrients need to be absorbed into the bloodstream, but homeostasis must also be maintained. If the nutrients were absorbed directly into our systemic circulation, homeostasis would be badly disrupted every time we ate! To prevent this, we were designed with a hepatic portal system (see Figure 10.22). | | The hepatic portal vein forms from capillary beds in ____________ and leads to a second set of capillary beds in ____________. | The hepatic portal system is different in that it contains two capillary beds. The first is in the intestines, where digested nutrients are absorbed. These capillaries coalesce to form a large portal vein that carries blood not back to the heart but to a second capillary bed in the liver, the largest organ in your body. | 10.6 | The Human Urinary System | | | What is the principle function of the ureter? | What does the kidney do with what’s to be discarded? From the kidneys, the waste from your blood and tissues—now in the form of urine—goes through ducts called ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until a convenient time for voiding (see Figure 10.23). When we choose to void (or the bladder chooses for us because it is so full), urine leaves the bladder via the urethra and exits the body. | | What is the principle function of the urethra? The urinary bladder? | urethraa duct that extends from the base of the bladder to the exterior of the body; urine is excreted through this duct. bladderan organ of the urinary system that stores urine prior to voiding. | | List 3 separate, related functions of the kidney. | * (1) filter the blood, * (2)reabsorb what the body needs to keep, and * (3)secrete things the body definitely needs to be rid of. | 10.7 | Neurons at Work | | | Neuron Structure and Function | | | List 3 structural regions of a neuron. | 1. The neuron has three structural elements to it: the cell body, where most of metabolism occurs; the dendrites, which are processes from the cell body that receive signals; and the axons, which are processes from the cell body that transmit signals to the next excitable cell. | | Which structural feature of a human neuron uniquely and perfectly fits it for its signal-carrying role? | | | Which type of neuron receives a stimulus and transmits it to the central nervous system? | Sensory neurons carry signals toward the brain and spinal cord that will make us aware of conditions that we may need to respond to (see Figure 10.29) | | Nervous Reflexes | | | List in the correct order the separate structures through which a signal moves in a “simple” reflex arc. | These five components, the receptor, sensory neuron, the integration center, the motor neuron, and the effector, make up a reflex arc. The integration center is so called because multiple inputs can be integrated there. The CNS processes or integrates all the incoming information and then generates the appropriate response. | | What major nervous system organ is not directly involved in a simple reflex arc? | Brain | 10.8 | The Human Nervous System | | | What are the 2 main sections of the human nervous system? | the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS; see Figure 10.31a). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The rest of the nervous tissue in the body belongs to the PNS (see Figure 10.31b). The PNS is functionally divided into sensory and motor branches. | | The efferent or motor branch of the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the ____________ (voluntary) and ____________ (involuntary) nervous systems. | This motor branch of the PNS is further subdivided into the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems. | | The Central Nervous System | | | For the following brain regions, list each one’s principle functional role: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus | At the base of the brain is the cerebellum (see Figure 10.32), which controls coordination of our motor movements; The thalamus sorts incoming information from the PNS and sends it to the proper place in the cerebrum; The hypothalamus controls the ANS and much of the endocrine system; it also regulates food and water intake, sleep and wake cycles, and body temperature (see Section 11.5); Conscious thought, problem-solving skills (understanding biology textbooks), speech production, voluntary movement and other complicated processes occur in the cerebral cortex—the thin outermost layer of the cerebrum; The pons controls still other automatic functions such as swallowing, and the medulla oblongata controls heart and breathing rates. | | Which structure within the brain has the role of generating emotions? | regions of the brain that together comprise the limbic system—the emotional center of the brain. The amygdala region converts cognitive inputs into a stimulus for the sympathetic division of the ANS to become more active. | | The Peripheral Nervous System | | | Cranial and spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system serve both ____________ and ____________ functions carrying impulses to and from the body parts. | he parts of the PNS that are most obvious are 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves originating in the spinal cord (see Figure 10.31b). | | Distinguish, in general terms, the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS. | The parasympathetic division mediates control of processes operating within its organs when the body is essentially at rest. The sympathetic division mediates the control of these same organic processes when the body is under stress. For example, the sympathetic division produces the fight-or-flight response that increases heart and respiratory rates, causes sweaty palms and dry mouth—all things you feel when you are nervous or scared. The parasympathetic division is what stimulates your digestive processes while you restfully listen to a quiet recording of nature sounds with your stereo ear buds. | | The Nervous System Is Internally Integrated | | | Which systems of the body interact with the peripheral nervous system? | 1. Fig 10.38 | | The nervous system interacts with the ____________ system to coordinate the internal integration of all the other body systems together. | | 10.9 | Drugs and the Nervous System | | | Caffeine: Catalyst of the Technological Revolution | | | Caffeine affects synapses by binding to ____________ receptors without activating them. | Caffeine inhibits this effect by binding to adenosine’s receptors but failing to activate them. | | Fluoxetine Hydrochloride: Chemical Joy | | | Fluoxetine hydrochloride affects synapses by inhibiting ____________ re-uptake by its transporter proteins. | Seratonin |