...Embedded Journalism and War Reporting Dion E Jones University of Phoenix COMM 220 Maureen, Duffy M.A. May 13, 2012 Embedded Journalism and War Reporting Journalism covers the principles of reporting in different circumstances such as the time-based news as in press conferences or untimely news of crisis, disasters and conflicts. Even though the reporting objectives are vast, and the journalists are expected to perform their duties without any fear or bias, it is the responsibility of the journalists to observe certain ethical considerations. At times, what journalists consider their responsibility may prove to be harmful for others. The policy of embedded journalism is debated mainly because, it compromises the military’s safety, security and strategy, through its bias and unethical reports; the presence of embedded journalists should not be allowed alongside fighting forces. Ethics of Journalism and War Reporting The question whether something is ethical or not, is gaining worldwide scrutiny these days. With the advent of social media, people have access to so much detail regarding the circumstances of the world. The journalists who are active through social media seem to provide all the minor details to their followers notwithstanding the ethical aspect of such information. The line between what...
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...Anyone know about the symbolism in ‘A Quiet American’ by Graham Greene? | Pyle represents the idealistic New Age America, thirsty for heroism. Phuong represents pre-war Vietnam, passive, innocent. What exactly does Fowler represent? Is it the wisdom and world-weariness of Old Europe or Britain’s involvement in the war simply for personal gain? | The symbolism of the individual characters has to be placed within the context of colonialism, since that was the relationship between the nations they each represented. Pyle's motives are far from heroic. An idealism that is motivated by interventionism in a Third World country's affairs can be dangerous and destructive, not only in the way Graham Greene saw it in the early fifties, but as history proved it by the events that unfolded years later, leading to the US war in Viet Nam. Or for what is happening now in Iraq, if you will. Fowler had the "old colonialist" wisdom that questioned Pyle's justification for violence. He had already learned that "democracy" is something many countries neither understand nor want, and any foreign attempt to impose it is doomed to failure. I don't know that this helps, but I can't see the novel any other way. | | Outline of characters | Thomas Fowler is a British journalist in his fifties who has been covering the French war in Viet Nam for over two years. He meets a young American idealist named Alden Pyle, who is a student of York Harding. Harding's theory is that neither Communism nor...
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...not be revealed to the United States public. The media and the First Amendment: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof: or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (www.constitution.net). The law prohibited the publication of false, scandalous, and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame or to stir up sedition within the United States. What the media seems to overlook is that specific acts in a combat zone have a purpose that may or may not comply with the morals of our society. The media takes utilitarianism the ethical theory that determines the moral value of an act in terms of its results and if those results produce the greatest good for the greatest number and uses it to report sensitive information. They also use another theory to appeal to the good nature and moral upbringing of Americans and that is their virtue ethics they focus on the morality rather than the act. The media also feels it is their moral obligation and necessity, finding the source of ethical correctness in the rules according to which one acts. When the media reports it cleverly focuses on one of the theories or a combination of them, and renders a convincing...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Research Problem Much attention has been given to the dangerous work of journalists in conflict zones where they are vulnerable to kidnappings, death by crossfire or by murder. Since the onset of the U.S. led war on terror, no one has been spared by print, radio and television news accounts of the many local and international journalists being physically harmed and gruesomely killed, with Iraq contributing the most to the general increase in media deaths worldwide (Taback & Coupland 2006). Though arguably true, descriptive accounts of antipress violence, in particular murders have not been completely absent. In the early 1990’s, African journalists worked under turbulent environments, where nations such as Angola and Rwanda, nations plagued by civil war, reflected the situation of many other nations in the continent at that time (Matloff 1995). However, there is little attention in academic and mainstream media discussion on the targeted homicide of journalists in democratic nations. Murders of journalists affect many new and or transitional democracies-- “peace time” nations such as the Philippines, Mexico, India, Brazil and Russia 1 (CPJ 2009). One case in particular has garnered international attention, that of Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, famed for her investigative reports on Chechnya (Chivers 2006). She was killed in 2006, gunned down in her own apartment building (ibid.). 1 Whether a...
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...Dissemination of Historical Fact, has given a speech of the Nanjing Massacre history that it should be reexamined and proved there is no evidence that Japanese Imperial army killed 300,000 Nanjing people. Not only Moteki is trying to broaden the historical facts, but also many Japanese historical researchers delve into the matter. Even though Nazi Germany, where there were dreadful massacres during World War II and Millions of people were approached unwilling dead by hunger, heavy laboring, poison gas, human experimentations by soldiers and doctors, they are reexamining own responsibilities and investigates the atrocities without regard for any limitation. Unlike Germany under the Nazi political power, Nanjing incident is still globally denounced because of its complexity: Japanese side insists that they apologized but they mainly do not agree on the number of death that China has claimed. In contrast, China claimed the Japanese Imperial armies killed at least 300,000 and Japanese government has not yet apologized and compensate officially. Katsuichi Honda, the Yomiuri news journalist, and other...
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...Reality template Since I was a child I had a dream to one day rule the skies flying at speeds only a handful of people got to experience. To be as agile as a hawk and have the might of a lion, I strived to be immersed in the "national culture that glamorises soldiers" this was my reality, or was it? With little concept of war and death, had I merely been brainwashed by a society driven by hate in order to become the next gen in "homicidal technology"? Whilst we think we can determine our own reality, this may prove to be impossible in the modern world. Wherever we go we are surrounded by technology that allows us to be instantly connected to information from around the world. Where “currency” in the words of Thomas Jefferson is “free flowing information” but how free flowing is it actually? We are continuously kept in the dark by the forces of the media who sift and filter information as they please in order to make our “world a better place”. It ultimately leaves us in complete ignorance of the horrible costs and consequences of war. In order to avoid being lured into a false reality by the spins sold to us by the media, we as a society should aim to seek out alternative independent journalism ... And the ability to question the truth of existing media sources. Most of Western society today has been constantly deceived with illusions of personal freedom, we are so complacent that we just assume that everything that is conveyed to us by the media is true. Hence this...
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...promise of freedom. In cities and towns across the country, Libyans took to the streets to claim their basic human rights. As one Libyan said to an international mass media, “For the first time we finally have hope that our nightmare of 40 years will soon be over.” In the face of the world’s condemnation, Qaddafi chose to escalate his attacks, launching a military campaign against the Libyan people. Innocent people were targeted for killing. Hospitals and ambulances were attacked. Journalists were arrested and sexually assaulted. Supplies of food and fuel were choked off. Water for hundreds of thousands of people in Misurata was shut off. All of these brutal things cannot be hidden from the unprecedented development of technology development. Confronted by this brutal repression and a looming humanitarian crisis, European allies declared their willingness to commit resources to stop the killing. And so United Nations Security Council has passed historic resolution that authorized a no-fly zone to stop the regime’s attacks from the air, and further authorized all necessary measures to protect the Libyan people. From news’ live broadcast, we could watch how do the coaltion troops hit Qaddafi’s troops in neighboring Ajdabiya, allowing the opposition to drive them out. Every people in every end of the world could witness through news program in every country wherever they live...
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...embedded journalism within our war culture today. My research aims to evaluate both the values and drawbacks of the Pentagon’s decision to pursue embedded journalism during the war on terror in 2003. I will be offering an in-depth evaluation of the history, objectives and purposes of embedding, how embedding raises concerns with the First Amendment’s entitlements, and finally questioning the notion that embedded journalism decreases censorship and increases access. In order to understand the current iteration of embedded journalism, we must understand our nations history of war correspondents and their relations with soldiers (Mayfield, 2013). The history between the military and the media lays the foundation for embedded journalism and serves as a reminder that the absence of censorship in past wars provided the impact on todays embedded program into Iraq (Brandenburg, 2007). Military-media relations have been building up over time, it originated with the earliest correspondents in 1850 and today expands through British, French, and American military engagement with the media (Mayfield, 2013). It wasn’t until the second half of the twentieth century that America began utilizing their media to report on current warfare’s. However, journalistic freedom on war coverage became a target of criticism from political and military leaders shortly after the Vietnam War in 1973 and the first Gulf war in 1991. Forty years ago, the ending of the Vietnam War had concluded with a victory...
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...Sins of the secular missionaries Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are big business latter. As one UN official sighs: ,,Anybody who is anybody is a NGO these days.’’ NGOs are aimed at crises zones as quick as journalists are. Last spring, the Albania’s capital, Tirana was painty by 200 groups which had intension to help the refugees from Kosovo. Right in this country the environment is replete with foreign groups competing to bring democracy, build homes and offer in all honour goods and services. Recently NGOs are experiencing big boom. A 1995 UN report announced that almost 29,000 NGOs were established. In country like Russia, after communism fell, there exist least 65,000 and in Kenya, they create daily some 240 NGOs. The general public sees them as a disinterested, idealistic and without any dependency. But the notion deserves more investigation. Governments’ puppets? The reason why they name themselves non-governmental is due to exercising things which government will not or cannot do. However, NGOs have a big deal to do with government and it is not always healthy. As a former deputy director of USAID, Carol Lancaster, announced, NGOs have become ,,the most important constituency for the activities of development aid agencies’’, as witnessed in Albania. The Red Cross sums up that NGOs send out more money than the World Bank. Governments happily provide that money. All, world wide-known organisations, get lots of their income from government sources. If the public...
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...World War I was one of the most destructive and deadliest wars of all time. The United States played a major military role in World War I. If it were not for the military effort produced by the Americans, World War One might have ended up very different. While the U.S. military remained neutral, both Central Powers and the Allied Powers used Propaganda, the sinking of ships of by German U-boats, and a German attempt in the Zimmerman Note to get Mexico to push the United States to get involved. The United States also contributed in terms of supplies, capital and raw material. Just before the U.S. declared war on April 6, 1917, the U.S. was trying hard to stay neutral, but because of propaganda and sinking of ships by German U-boats and German attempt on the Zimmerman note to get Mexico to declare the US to get...
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...unfathomable happened. Two armed forces, each made out of Americans, battled a day-long fight that brought about almost 5,000 losses, which implies very nearly 5,000 individuals were killed, injured, missing, or caught. On that day, the Unified States always showed signs of change. While the primary shots of the Common War were discharged at Post Sumter in April 1861, the occasions of that decisive July 21 involved the main genuine skirmish of the war, The Principal Clash of Bull Run. We should take in more about this critical Common War fight. In the spring of 1861, war fever was grasping both the North and the South. The withdrawal winter had finished with seven Southern states...
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...required for the war on terror. To focus in news coverage on professionalism and patriotism, and to broadcast programs that spread enthusiasm and a fighting spirit against terror, in addition to patriotic anthems and the broadcasting of teeming crowds, and the heroic deeds of our security forces. This ‘draconian’ directive has attracted widespread criticisms from many advocacy groups including Human Rights Watch. The activism body’s deputy director for the Middle East and North Africa, Joe Stork, dismissed the guidelines as “a clear attempt to prevent critical coverage of important events and silence debate as the country goes through this intense security and political crisis.” He also noted that the directive effectively prevents the press from completing the duty of reporting on the latest events and instead attempts to make the media the “public relations appendage” of the government. Several journalists and media houses have revealed to investigators that the Iraqi government occasionally threatened them with revoking their operational license if they continued to present the news in a way that is contrary to the demands of the authorities. Sometime in June, the Egyptian government barred some Iraqi stations operating in the country after receiving complaints from Baghdad. The head of the Egyptian broadcasting regulation body Free Zone revealed that “Al-Baghdadia and Al-Rafidain channels were taken off Nilesat for violating their contracts with the Free Zone authority regarding...
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...DEDICATION Dedicated to the 49 journalist killed in Somalia since 1992 and all those facing constant dangers across the world as they carry out their duties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work would not have been accomplished without the help of many individuals who shared their insights, experience and time with me. I am grateful indebted for their support and I would like to express my special thanks to: Special dedication to my supervisor and my Personal Tutor at Leicester University Mr Pawas Bisht for his guidance and invaluable advice and constant encouragement. Andy Kapadia who was a helpful and perfect liaison between me and the university. I would not have made it this far without Mr Pawas and Andy’s help. I would also like to thank Mr Kamwaro of The Standard Library and Eric Njoka of Daily Nation’s for the cooperation they accorded me during the long hours I spent at their libraries. This work would have made no sense with the input of The Daily Nation Newspaper’s news editor Eric Shimoli and Senior reporter John Ngirach as well as the Standard’s Foreign Editor Andrew Kipkemboi and Senior reporter Cyrus Ombati. Through candid interviews these respected journalists gave me invaluable information. Finally I would like to express special thanks to all the other people, whose names are not listed here, for their help and willingness to explain their opinion, and to share their stories. ABSTRACT The study is a content analysis of The Daily Nation and The...
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...Ellie Bretzman April 15, 2013 Interviewing Anne Strahle Bold and Fresh: A Look into Bill O’Reilly Interviewing Style Introduction “Your humble correspondent” is what he calls himself with a smile. Bill O’Reilly, host of the “O’Reilly Factor,” is not doubt one of the most loved, hated, criticized, praised, and controversial television commentators of all time. For ten years, O’Reilly has hosted the number one rated show of all cable news. With his unique style, people seem to be drawn to him whether they agree with him or not. Background Bill O’Reilly has quite an impressive background. Born in Manhattan and raised in Long Island, O’Reilly found himself studying history at Marist College and earning his bachelor’s degree. He went on to Boston University to receive his master’s in broadcast journalism. He did not stop there as he got another master’s degree in public administration from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government ("Bill O'Reilly Biography”). His broadcasting career began in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He then moved around reporting and anchoring in Dallas, Boston, and New York. His national exposure started with CBS and ABC News. In 1996 he landed at FOX News ("Bill O'Reilly Biography") . Other than hosting the number one cable news program, Bill still finds time to write a weekly column that appears in more than 300 newspapers. O’Reilly is also a respected author. He has written books about his political opinions and has also begun to...
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...NEWS AGENCIES AND PROFESSIONAL MEDIA ORGANISATIONS SUBMITTED BY SHAMNA MOHAMMED ALI I SEM MCJ NEWS AGENCIES News agencies are organisation of journalist established in different zones of the world to provide news reports to organisation in news trade. According to UNESCO, it is an undertaking of which prime objective is to gather news and news materials expressing facts and to distribute this to a group of news enterprises .The basic function of a news agencies is to survey news and inform the current affairs to its subscribers .News agencies play the role of wholesale supplier of news and reduce the cost of gathering news. As it deals with news coverage, it combines spot coverage with interpretation of the important political and economic events. News agency plays a crucial role in framing public opinion on important national and international affairs. News agencies work as a mediator between the media and the public. The media depend on material supplied by the news agencies mainly put of economic necessity. In order to have a wide coverage the newspaper has to maintain a costly network of staff reporters, correspondents, and bureaus on a world wide scale. For a majority of the news media the news agencies are a major source of news supply. Its subscribers include the daily and local...
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